{"id":1025,"date":"2026-07-17T10:12:45","date_gmt":"2026-07-17T10:12:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/?page_id=1025"},"modified":"2026-07-22T10:06:07","modified_gmt":"2026-07-22T10:06:07","slug":"terahertz-systems-and-optical-technologies","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/?page_id=1025","title":{"rendered":"Terahertz Systems and Optical Technologies"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1025\" class=\"elementor elementor-1025\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e6d122 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-f048184 \" data-id=\"7e6d122\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"7e6d122\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4128a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f4128a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\r\n  \/*\r\n   * The hero containing the indicator must be relative.\r\n   *\/\r\n  .cpse-scroll-cue {\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    z-index: 10;\r\n    bottom: 25px;\r\n    left: 50%;\r\n\r\n    display: flex;\r\n    align-items: center;\r\n    flex-direction: column;\r\n    gap: 8px;\r\n\r\n    color: #ffffff !important;\r\n    text-decoration: none !important;\r\n\r\n    opacity: 0.72;\r\n    transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n\r\n    transition:\r\n      opacity 0.25s ease,\r\n      transform 0.25s ease;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-scroll-cue:hover {\r\n    color: #ffffff !important;\r\n    opacity: 1;\r\n    transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-3px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/*\r\n   * Mouse outline\r\n   *\/\r\n\r\n  .cpse-scroll-cue__mouse {\r\n    position: relative;\r\n\r\n    width: 36px;\r\n    height: 56px;\r\n\r\n    display: block;\r\n\r\n    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.65);\r\n    border-radius: 999px;\r\n\r\n    background: rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.18);\r\n    backdrop-filter: blur(4px);\r\n    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(4px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/*\r\n   * Animated wheel\r\n   *\/\r\n\r\n  .cpse-scroll-cue__wheel {\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    top: 10px;\r\n    left: 50%;\r\n\r\n    width: 5px;\r\n    height: 9px;\r\n\r\n    display: block;\r\n\r\n    border-radius: 999px;\r\n    background: #ffffff;\r\n\r\n    transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n\r\n    animation:\r\n      cpseScrollWheel 1.8s\r\n      cubic-bezier(0.45, 0, 0.55, 1)\r\n      infinite;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  @keyframes cpseScrollWheel {\r\n    0% {\r\n      opacity: 0;\r\n      transform: translate(-50%, 0);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    20% {\r\n      opacity: 1;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    65% {\r\n      opacity: 1;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    100% {\r\n      opacity: 0;\r\n      transform: translate(-50%, 22px);\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-scroll-cue__text {\r\n    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78);\r\n    font-family: \"Poppins\", sans-serif;\r\n    font-size: 9px;\r\n    font-weight: 600;\r\n    letter-spacing: 1.4px;\r\n    line-height: 1;\r\n    text-transform: uppercase;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n    .cpse-scroll-cue {\r\n      bottom: 17px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .cpse-scroll-cue__mouse {\r\n      width: 31px;\r\n      height: 48px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .cpse-scroll-cue__text {\r\n      display: none;\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {\r\n    .cpse-scroll-cue__wheel {\r\n      animation: none;\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n<\/style>\r\n<style>\r\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;500;600;700;800&display=swap');\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-page,\r\n.cpse-thz-page * {\r\n  box-sizing: border-box;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-page {\r\n  --cpse-navy: #071b3d;\r\n  --cpse-navy-light: #102a55;\r\n  --cpse-orange: #c95335;\r\n  --cpse-orange-soft: #f8ebe7;\r\n  --cpse-text: #273142;\r\n  --cpse-muted: #697386;\r\n  --cpse-border: #dfe4eb;\r\n  --cpse-bg: #f5f7fa;\r\n  --cpse-white: #ffffff;\r\n\r\n  color: var(--cpse-text);\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", sans-serif;\r\n  font-size: 16px;\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-page section[id] {\r\n  scroll-margin-top: 120px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-shell {\r\n  width: min(1180px, calc(100% - 40px));\r\n  margin-inline: auto;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-section {\r\n  padding: 90px 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-section--soft {\r\n  background: var(--cpse-bg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-kicker {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 9px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 14px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.5px;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-kicker::before {\r\n  width: 28px;\r\n  height: 2px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-title {\r\n  max-width: 850px;\r\n  margin: 0 0 20px !important;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy) !important;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", sans-serif !important;\r\n  font-size: clamp(32px, 4vw, 52px) !important;\r\n  font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n  letter-spacing: -1.5px;\r\n  line-height: 1.13 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-title--small {\r\n  font-size: clamp(28px, 3vw, 42px) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-intro {\r\n  max-width: 800px;\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-muted);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Hero *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-hero {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  padding: 86px 0;\r\n  background:\r\n    radial-gradient(circle at 75% 25%, rgba(44, 99, 173, .34), transparent 32%),\r\n    linear-gradient(130deg, #06152f 0%, #0b234c 62%, #102b58 100%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-hero::after {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  right: -180px;\r\n  bottom: -260px;\r\n  width: 620px;\r\n  height: 620px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.12);\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-hero__grid {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  z-index: 2;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.05fr) minmax(380px, .95fr);\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 64px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-hero__kicker {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 18px;\r\n  color: #f3a087;\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.8px;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-hero h1 {\r\n  max-width: 720px;\r\n  margin: 0 0 24px !important;\r\n  color: #fff !important;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", sans-serif !important;\r\n  font-size: clamp(42px, 5.5vw, 72px) !important;\r\n  font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n  letter-spacing: -2.5px;\r\n  line-height: 1.04 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-hero__text {\r\n  max-width: 690px;\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: rgba(255,255,255,.78);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-hero__actions {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  gap: 14px;\r\n  margin-top: 32px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-btn {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: center;\r\n  min-height: 50px;\r\n  padding: 12px 24px;\r\n  border: 1px solid transparent;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", sans-serif;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  transition: .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-btn--orange {\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  color: #fff !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-btn--orange:hover {\r\n  background: #b7462b;\r\n  color: #fff !important;\r\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-btn--light {\r\n  border-color: rgba(255,255,255,.38);\r\n  color: #fff !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-btn--light:hover {\r\n  border-color: #fff;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-hero__visual {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  padding: 15px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.17);\r\n  border-radius: 28px;\r\n  background: rgba(255,255,255,.08);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 32px 70px rgba(0,0,0,.3);\r\n  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-hero__visual img {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  height: 420px;\r\n  border-radius: 18px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  object-fit: contain;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-hero__frequency {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  right: -18px;\r\n  bottom: 32px;\r\n  padding: 14px 20px;\r\n  border-radius: 14px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 14px 32px rgba(0,0,0,.24);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Overview *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-overview {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1fr .9fr;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 68px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-overview__text p {\r\n  margin: 0 0 18px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-muted);\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-overview__image {\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  padding: 16px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n  border-radius: 24px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 22px 55px rgba(7,27,61,.09);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-overview__image img {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  height: 370px;\r\n  border-radius: 15px;\r\n  object-fit: contain;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-facts {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);\r\n  gap: 16px;\r\n  margin-top: 45px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-fact {\r\n  padding: 24px;\r\n  border-top: 3px solid var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  border-radius: 0 0 16px 16px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-bg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-fact strong {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 4px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  font-size: 25px;\r\n  line-height: 1.25;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-fact span {\r\n  color: var(--cpse-muted);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Accordion *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-accordion {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 16px;\r\n  margin-top: 44px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme {\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n  border-radius: 18px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  transition: border-color .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme:hover,\r\n.cpse-thz-theme[open] {\r\n  border-color: rgba(201,83,53,.65);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 16px 42px rgba(7,27,61,.08);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme summary {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n  gap: 30px;\r\n  padding: 25px 28px;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  list-style: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme summary::-webkit-details-marker {\r\n  display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme__heading {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme__icon {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  flex: 0 0 46px;\r\n  width: 46px;\r\n  height: 46px;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange-soft);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 21px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 2px !important;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy) !important;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", sans-serif !important;\r\n  font-size: 21px !important;\r\n  font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme__short {\r\n  color: var(--cpse-muted);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme__toggle {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  flex: 0 0 42px;\r\n  width: 42px;\r\n  height: 42px;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme__toggle::before,\r\n.cpse-thz-theme__toggle::after {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: 50%;\r\n  left: 50%;\r\n  width: 14px;\r\n  height: 2px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme__toggle::after {\r\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(90deg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme[open] .cpse-thz-theme__toggle::after {\r\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(0);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme__body {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, .9fr) minmax(420px, 1.1fr);\r\n  gap: 44px;\r\n  padding: 5px 28px 32px;\r\n  border-top: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme__copy {\r\n  padding-top: 28px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-theme__copy p {\r\n  margin: 0 0 18px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-muted);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-list {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 11px;\r\n  margin: 20px 0 0;\r\n  padding: 0;\r\n  list-style: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-list li {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  padding-left: 22px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-text);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-list li::before {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: .72em;\r\n  left: 0;\r\n  width: 7px;\r\n  height: 7px;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Carousel *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-carousel {\r\n  min-width: 0;\r\n  padding-top: 28px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-carousel__viewport {\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n  border-radius: 18px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-bg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-carousel__track {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  transition: transform .45s cubic-bezier(.22,.61,.36,1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-carousel__slide {\r\n  flex: 0 0 100%;\r\n  min-width: 100%;\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-carousel__slide img {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  height: 440px;\r\n  padding: 14px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  object-fit: contain;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-carousel__slide figcaption {\r\n  min-height: 52px;\r\n  padding: 13px 18px;\r\n  border-top: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-muted);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-carousel__controls {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n  margin-top: 13px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-carousel__arrows {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  gap: 8px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-carousel__button {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  width: 42px;\r\n  height: 42px;\r\n  padding: 0;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  border: 0;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  font-size: 20px;\r\n  transition: .2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-carousel__button:hover {\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-carousel__dots {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  gap: 7px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-carousel__dot {\r\n  width: 8px;\r\n  height: 8px;\r\n  padding: 0;\r\n  border: 0;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: #c4cad3;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  transition: .2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-carousel__dot.is-active {\r\n  width: 23px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Cards *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-card-grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);\r\n  gap: 20px;\r\n  margin-top: 42px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-card {\r\n  padding: 28px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n  border-radius: 18px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  transition: .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-card:hover {\r\n  border-color: rgba(201,83,53,.65);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 18px 42px rgba(7,27,61,.09);\r\n  transform: translateY(-5px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-card__mark {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  width: 45px;\r\n  height: 45px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  border-radius: 13px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange-soft);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-card h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 10px !important;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy) !important;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", sans-serif !important;\r\n  font-size: 19px !important;\r\n  font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-card p {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-muted);\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Papers *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-paper-grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);\r\n  gap: 22px;\r\n  margin-top: 42px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-paper {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  flex-direction: column;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-paper__image {\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  height: 245px;\r\n  padding: 16px;\r\n  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n  background: #f6f7f9;\r\n  object-fit: contain;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-paper__body {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex: 1;\r\n  flex-direction: column;\r\n  padding: 24px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-paper__label {\r\n  margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1px;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-paper h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 12px !important;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy) !important;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", sans-serif !important;\r\n  font-size: 18px !important;\r\n  font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n  line-height: 1.45 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-paper p {\r\n  margin: 0 0 22px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-muted);\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-paper__link {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 8px;\r\n  margin-top: auto;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange) !important;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-paper__link:hover {\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Workflow *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-workflow {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);\r\n  margin-top: 44px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-step {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  padding: 30px 25px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-step + .cpse-thz-step {\r\n  border-left: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-step__number {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 17px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-step h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 9px !important;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy) !important;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", sans-serif !important;\r\n  font-size: 18px !important;\r\n  font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-step p {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-muted);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* CTA *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-cta {\r\n  padding: 60px;\r\n  border-radius: 28px;\r\n  background:\r\n    radial-gradient(circle at 90% 10%, rgba(255,255,255,.12), transparent 30%),\r\n    var(--cpse-navy);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-cta h2 {\r\n  max-width: 760px;\r\n  margin: 0 0 16px !important;\r\n  color: #fff !important;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", sans-serif !important;\r\n  font-size: clamp(30px, 4vw, 48px) !important;\r\n  font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n  line-height: 1.17 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-cta p {\r\n  max-width: 720px;\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: rgba(255,255,255,.73);\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Floating menu *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-float {\r\n  position: fixed;\r\n  z-index: 999;\r\n  top: 150px;\r\n  right: 18px;\r\n  width: 250px;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", sans-serif;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-float__panel {\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n  border-radius: 17px;\r\n  background: rgba(255,255,255,.97);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 18px 50px rgba(7,27,61,.18);\r\n  backdrop-filter: blur(10px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-float__head {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n  padding: 15px 16px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-float__close {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  width: 28px;\r\n  height: 28px;\r\n  padding: 0;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  border: 0;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: rgba(255,255,255,.13);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-float__links {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  padding: 8px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-float__links a {\r\n  padding: 10px 11px;\r\n  border-radius: 9px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-text) !important;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-float__links a:hover {\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange-soft);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-float__tab {\r\n  display: none;\r\n  min-height: 46px;\r\n  margin-left: auto;\r\n  padding: 10px 17px;\r\n  border: 0;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 12px 30px rgba(7,27,61,.25);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-float.is-collapsed .cpse-thz-float__panel {\r\n  display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-thz-float.is-collapsed .cpse-thz-float__tab {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Responsive *\/\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 1024px) {\r\n  .cpse-thz-hero__grid,\r\n  .cpse-thz-overview {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-hero__visual {\r\n    max-width: 720px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-theme__body {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-card-grid,\r\n  .cpse-thz-paper-grid {\r\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-workflow {\r\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-step:nth-child(3) {\r\n    border-left: 0;\r\n    border-top: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-step:nth-child(4) {\r\n    border-top: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n  .cpse-thz-shell {\r\n    width: min(100% - 28px, 1180px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-section {\r\n    padding: 65px 0;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-hero {\r\n    padding: 64px 0;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-hero__grid {\r\n    gap: 42px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-hero h1 {\r\n    font-size: 42px !important;\r\n    letter-spacing: -1.5px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-hero__visual img {\r\n    height: 300px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-hero__frequency {\r\n    right: 12px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-facts,\r\n  .cpse-thz-card-grid,\r\n  .cpse-thz-paper-grid,\r\n  .cpse-thz-workflow {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-theme summary {\r\n    padding: 20px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-theme__heading {\r\n    align-items: flex-start;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-theme__short {\r\n    display: none;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-theme__body {\r\n    padding: 3px 20px 24px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-carousel__slide img {\r\n    height: 300px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-step + .cpse-thz-step {\r\n    border-top: 1px solid var(--cpse-border);\r\n    border-left: 0;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-cta {\r\n    padding: 38px 25px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-float {\r\n    top: auto;\r\n    right: 12px;\r\n    bottom: 14px;\r\n    width: min(290px, calc(100vw - 24px));\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-thz-float__panel {\r\n    max-height: 58vh;\r\n    overflow-y: auto;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<!-- CPSE RESEARCH FLOATING MENU -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-page-menu is-open\" id=\"cpseResearchMenu\">\r\n\r\n  <!-- Button shown after closing the menu -->\r\n  <button\r\n    class=\"cpse-page-menu__open\"\r\n    type=\"button\"\r\n    aria-label=\"Open page menu\"\r\n    aria-expanded=\"true\"\r\n    aria-controls=\"cpseResearchMenuPanel\"\r\n  >\r\n    <span>On this page<\/span>\r\n\r\n    <span class=\"cpse-page-menu__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n      <i><\/i>\r\n      <i><\/i>\r\n      <i><\/i>\r\n    <\/span>\r\n  <\/button>\r\n\r\n  <!-- Open menu -->\r\n  <aside\r\n    class=\"cpse-page-menu__panel\"\r\n    id=\"cpseResearchMenuPanel\"\r\n    aria-hidden=\"false\"\r\n  >\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-page-menu__header\">\r\n      <div>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-page-menu__label\">On this page<\/span>\r\n        <strong>Research at CPSE<\/strong>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <button\r\n        class=\"cpse-page-menu__close\"\r\n        type=\"button\"\r\n        aria-label=\"Close page menu\"\r\n      >\r\n        \u00d7\r\n      <\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <nav\r\n      class=\"cpse-page-menu__links\"\r\n      aria-label=\"Research page navigation\"\r\n    >\r\n      <a href=\"#thz-overview\">\r\n        <span>Overview<\/span>\r\n        <b aria-hidden=\"true\">\u203a<\/b>\r\n      <\/a>\r\n\r\n      <a href=\"#thz-research-themes\">\r\n        <span>Research themes<\/span>\r\n        <b aria-hidden=\"true\">\u203a<\/b>\r\n      <\/a>      \r\n\r\n\r\n      <a href=\"#thz-featured-research\">\r\n        <span>Featured publications<\/span>\r\n        <b aria-hidden=\"true\">\u203a<\/b>\r\n      <\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"#thz-applications\">\r\n        <span>Potential applications<\/span>\r\n        <b aria-hidden=\"true\">\u203a<\/b>\r\n      <\/a>\r\n    <\/nav>\r\n  <\/aside>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\nhtml {\r\n  scroll-behavior: smooth;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Main floating-menu container *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu {\r\n  position: fixed;\r\n  z-index: 9999;\r\n  top: 50%;\r\n  right: 18px;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", Arial, sans-serif;\r\n  transform: translateY(-50%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Closed button *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__open {\r\n  min-width: 136px;\r\n  min-height: 52px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: center;\r\n  gap: 13px;\r\n  padding: 11px 19px;\r\n  border: 0;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: #071a3d;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 14px 34px rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.25);\r\n  color: #ffffff;\r\n  font: inherit;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  transition:\r\n    background 0.25s ease,\r\n    transform 0.25s ease,\r\n    opacity 0.2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__open:hover {\r\n  background: #ca5235;\r\n  transform: translateX(-4px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Hamburger icon *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__icon {\r\n  width: 18px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 4px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__icon i {\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  height: 2px;\r\n  display: block;\r\n  border-radius: 5px;\r\n  background: currentColor;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Floating menu panel *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__panel {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: 50%;\r\n  right: 0;\r\n  width: min(360px, calc(100vw - 28px));\r\n  max-height: min(660px, calc(100vh - 30px));\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid #deded9;\r\n  border-radius: 22px;\r\n  background: #ffffff;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 25px 65px rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.24);\r\n  opacity: 0;\r\n  visibility: hidden;\r\n  transform:\r\n    translateY(-50%)\r\n    translateX(24px)\r\n    scale(0.97);\r\n  transform-origin: right center;\r\n  transition:\r\n    opacity 0.25s ease,\r\n    visibility 0.25s ease,\r\n    transform 0.25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Open state *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu.is-open .cpse-page-menu__panel {\r\n  opacity: 1;\r\n  visibility: visible;\r\n  transform:\r\n    translateY(-50%)\r\n    translateX(0)\r\n    scale(1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Hide the small button while the menu is open *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu.is-open .cpse-page-menu__open {\r\n  opacity: 0;\r\n  visibility: hidden;\r\n  pointer-events: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Header *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__header {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n  gap: 18px;\r\n  padding: 21px 22px;\r\n  background: #071a3d;\r\n  color: #ffffff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__label {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 5px;\r\n  color: #e77a5d;\r\n  font-size: 10px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 0.12em;\r\n  line-height: 1;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__header strong {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  color: #ffffff;\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  line-height: 1.35;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Close button \u2014 positioned on the right *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__close {\r\n  width: 40px;\r\n  height: 40px;\r\n  flex: 0 0 40px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  padding: 0;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35);\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: transparent;\r\n  color: #ffffff;\r\n  font: inherit;\r\n  font-size: 27px;\r\n  font-weight: 400;\r\n  line-height: 1;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  transition:\r\n    background 0.2s ease,\r\n    border-color 0.2s ease,\r\n    transform 0.2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__close:hover {\r\n  border-color: #ca5235;\r\n  background: #ca5235;\r\n  transform: rotate(90deg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Navigation list *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links {\r\n  max-height: calc(min(660px, 100vh - 30px) - 92px);\r\n  padding: 10px;\r\n  overflow-y: auto;\r\n  overscroll-behavior: contain;\r\n  scrollbar-width: thin;\r\n  scrollbar-color: #ca5235 #f5f5f3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links::-webkit-scrollbar {\r\n  width: 5px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links::-webkit-scrollbar-track {\r\n  background: #f5f5f3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {\r\n  border-radius: 10px;\r\n  background: #ca5235;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Individual links *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links a {\r\n  min-height: 51px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n  gap: 18px;\r\n  padding: 13px 14px;\r\n  border-bottom: 1px solid #deded9;\r\n  border-radius: 11px;\r\n  color: #071a3d !important;\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n  line-height: 1.35;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  transition:\r\n    padding-left 0.2s ease,\r\n    background 0.2s ease,\r\n    color 0.2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links a:last-child {\r\n  border-bottom: 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links a:hover,\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links a.is-active {\r\n  padding-left: 20px;\r\n  background: #f5f5f3;\r\n  color: #ca5235 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links b {\r\n  flex: 0 0 auto;\r\n  color: #ca5235;\r\n  font-size: 22px;\r\n  font-weight: 500;\r\n  line-height: 1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Prevent headings from hiding behind a sticky website header *\/\r\n#research-overview,\r\n#research-areas,\r\n#capabilities,\r\n#featured-projects,\r\n#facilities,\r\n#publications,\r\n#research-community,\r\n#partnerships,\r\n#opportunities {\r\n  scroll-margin-top: 120px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Phone and tablet *\/\r\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n  .cpse-page-menu {\r\n    top: auto;\r\n    right: 12px;\r\n    bottom: 16px;\r\n    transform: none;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu__open {\r\n    min-width: 126px;\r\n    min-height: 48px;\r\n    padding: 10px 16px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu__panel {\r\n    top: auto;\r\n    right: 0;\r\n    bottom: 0;\r\n    width: min(340px, calc(100vw - 24px));\r\n    max-height: calc(100vh - 34px);\r\n    transform:\r\n      translateX(20px)\r\n      translateY(10px)\r\n      scale(0.97);\r\n    transform-origin: right bottom;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu.is-open .cpse-page-menu__panel {\r\n    transform:\r\n      translateX(0)\r\n      translateY(0)\r\n      scale(1);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu__links {\r\n    max-height: calc(100vh - 128px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu__header {\r\n    padding: 18px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu__links a {\r\n    min-height: 48px;\r\n    padding: 12px;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {\r\n  html {\r\n    scroll-behavior: auto;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu,\r\n  .cpse-page-menu * {\r\n    transition: none !important;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function () {\r\n  const menu = document.getElementById(\"cpseResearchMenu\");\r\n\r\n  if (!menu) return;\r\n\r\n  const openButton = menu.querySelector(\r\n    \".cpse-page-menu__open\"\r\n  );\r\n\r\n  const closeButton = menu.querySelector(\r\n    \".cpse-page-menu__close\"\r\n  );\r\n\r\n  const panel = menu.querySelector(\r\n    \".cpse-page-menu__panel\"\r\n  );\r\n\r\n  const links = menu.querySelectorAll(\r\n    '.cpse-page-menu__links a[href^=\"#\"]'\r\n  );\r\n\r\n  function openMenu() {\r\n    menu.classList.add(\"is-open\");\r\n    openButton.setAttribute(\"aria-expanded\", \"true\");\r\n    panel.setAttribute(\"aria-hidden\", \"false\");\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function closeMenu() {\r\n    menu.classList.remove(\"is-open\");\r\n    openButton.setAttribute(\"aria-expanded\", \"false\");\r\n    panel.setAttribute(\"aria-hidden\", \"true\");\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  openButton.addEventListener(\"click\", openMenu);\r\n  closeButton.addEventListener(\"click\", closeMenu);\r\n\r\n  \/*\r\n   * The menu intentionally remains open when:\r\n   * - A navigation link is selected.\r\n   * - The visitor clicks outside the menu.\r\n   *\r\n   * It closes only with the \u00d7 button or Escape.\r\n   *\/\r\n\r\n  document.addEventListener(\"keydown\", function (event) {\r\n    if (event.key === \"Escape\") {\r\n      closeMenu();\r\n    }\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  \/* Highlight the section currently visible *\/\r\n  if (\"IntersectionObserver\" in window) {\r\n    const observedSections = [];\r\n\r\n    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 padding: 70px 0;\r\n        background-position: 65% center;\r\n        background-image:\r\n          linear-gradient(\r\n            90deg,\r\n            rgba(3, 15, 36, .97) 0%,\r\n            rgba(3, 15, 36, .86) 58%,\r\n            rgba(3, 15, 36, .50) 100%\r\n          ),\r\n          url(\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/hero_thz.png\");\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .cpse-thz-hero--image h1 {\r\n        font-size: 40px !important;\r\n        line-height: 1.08 !important;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .cpse-thz-hero--image .cpse-thz-hero__text {\r\n        font-size: 16px;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .cpse-thz-hero--image .cpse-thz-hero__actions {\r\n        align-items: stretch;\r\n        flex-direction: column;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .cpse-thz-hero--image .cpse-thz-btn {\r\n        width: 100%;\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    @media (max-width: 480px) {\r\n      .cpse-thz-hero--image {\r\n        min-height: 620px;\r\n        background-position: 61% center;\r\n      }\r\n\r\n      .cpse-thz-hero--image h1 {\r\n        font-size: 34px !important;\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n\r\n  <section\r\n    class=\"cpse-thz-hero cpse-thz-hero--image\"\r\n    id=\"thz-top\"\r\n  >\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-thz-shell cpse-thz-hero__grid\">\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-thz-hero__content\">\r\n\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-thz-hero__kicker\">\r\n          CPSE Research Area\r\n        <\/span>\r\n\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-thz-hero__spectrum\">\r\n          Research across the 0.1\u201310 THz spectrum\r\n        <\/span>\r\n\r\n        <h1>\r\n          Terahertz Systems &amp; Optical Technologies\r\n        <\/h1>\r\n\r\n        <p class=\"cpse-thz-hero__text\">\r\n          Engineering light and terahertz waves for advanced\r\n          sensing, imaging, communication, spectroscopy and\r\n          quantum-enabled devices.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-thz-hero__actions\">\r\n          <a\r\n            class=\"cpse-thz-btn cpse-thz-btn--orange\"\r\n            href=\"#thz-research-themes\"\r\n          >\r\n            Explore the research\r\n          <\/a>\r\n\r\n          <a\r\n            class=\"cpse-thz-btn cpse-thz-btn--light\"\r\n            href=\"#thz-featured-research\"\r\n          >\r\n            Featured research\r\n          <\/a>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <a\r\n  class=\"cpse-scroll-cue\"\r\n  aria-label=\"Scroll to the next section\"\r\n>\r\n  <span class=\"cpse-scroll-cue__mouse\">\r\n    <span class=\"cpse-scroll-cue__wheel\"><\/span>\r\n  <\/span>\r\n\r\n  <span class=\"cpse-scroll-cue__text\">\r\n  <\/span>\r\n<\/a>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-deb14a7 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-bdf4a12 \" data-id=\"deb14a7\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"deb14a7\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa94f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2aa94f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpse-thz-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-thz-section\" id=\"thz-overview\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-thz-shell\">\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-thz-overview\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-thz-overview__text\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-thz-kicker\">\r\n            Research overview\r\n          <\/span>\r\n\r\n          <h2 class=\"cpse-thz-title cpse-thz-title--small\">\r\n            Exploring the spectrum between microwaves and\r\n            infrared light\r\n          <\/h2>\r\n\r\n          <p>\r\n            Terahertz and optical technologies connect fundamental\r\n            physics with advanced engineering. Our research examines\r\n            how light interacts with materials, nanostructures and\r\n            quantum devices to generate, control and detect\r\n            electromagnetic radiation.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n\r\n          <p>\r\n            The research combines pulsed lasers, two-dimensional\r\n            materials, semiconductor devices, optical systems,\r\n            spectroscopy, computational reconstruction and electronic\r\n            detection.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n\r\n          <p>\r\n            The objective is to transform these scientific principles\r\n            into practical systems for imaging, communications,\r\n            agriculture, security, medicine and precision sensing.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-thz-overview__image\">\r\n          <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n            src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/thz_overview.png\"\r\n            alt=\"Terahertz image produced by a CPSE imaging system\"\r\n            loading=\"lazy\"\r\n          \/>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-thz-facts\">\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-thz-fact\">\r\n          <strong>0.1\u201310 THz<\/strong>\r\n          <span>Terahertz frequency range investigated<\/span>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-thz-fact\">\r\n          <strong>4 themes<\/strong>\r\n          <span>From spectroscopy to complete THz systems<\/span>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-thz-fact\">\r\n          <strong>Physics + Engineering<\/strong>\r\n          <span>Materials, devices, optics and computation<\/span>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4d32113 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"4d32113\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpse-thz-page\">\r\n  <section\r\n    class=\"cpse-thz-section cpse-thz-section--soft\"\r\n    id=\"thz-research-themes\"\r\n  >\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-thz-shell\">\r\n\r\n      <span class=\"cpse-thz-kicker\">\r\n        Research themes\r\n      <\/span>\r\n\r\n      <h2 class=\"cpse-thz-title cpse-thz-title--small\">\r\n        From fundamental terahertz interactions to complete\r\n        optical systems\r\n      <\/h2>\r\n\r\n      <p class=\"cpse-thz-intro\">\r\n        Open a theme to explore its scientific objectives,\r\n        technologies and experimental images.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-thz-accordion\">\r\n\r\n        <!-- Spectroscopy -->\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-thz-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-thz-theme__heading\">\r\n              <span class=\"cpse-thz-theme__icon\">S<\/span>\r\n\r\n              <div>\r\n                <h3>Terahertz Spectroscopy<\/h3>\r\n                <span class=\"cpse-thz-theme__short\">\r\n                  Material signatures, quantum states and precision sensing\r\n                <\/span>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-thz-theme__toggle\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-thz-theme__body\">\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-thz-theme__copy\">\r\n              <p>\r\n                Terahertz spectroscopy probes rotational,\r\n                vibrational and electronic behavior, revealing\r\n                characteristic signatures associated with the\r\n                quantum states and dynamics of materials.\r\n              <\/p>\r\n\r\n              <p>\r\n                Experimental measurements are combined with\r\n                quantum-mechanical calculations to identify\r\n                materials and interpret their terahertz response.\r\n              <\/p>\r\n\r\n              <ul class=\"cpse-thz-list\">\r\n                <li>Rotational and vibrational molecular modes<\/li>\r\n                <li>Quantum sensing and terahertz metrology<\/li>\r\n                <li>Trace-gas and biomolecular detection<\/li>\r\n                <li>Wavefront, polarization and phase control<\/li>\r\n                <li>Graphene quantum-dot bolometric detection<\/li>\r\n              <\/ul>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel\" data-cpse-thz-carousel>\r\n              <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__viewport\">\r\n                <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__track\">\r\n\r\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__slide\">\r\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Media3.gif\"\r\n                      alt=\"Terahertz spectroscopy visualization\"\r\n                      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n                    \/>\r\n                    <figcaption>\r\n                      Terahertz interaction and spectroscopy visualization\r\n                    <\/figcaption>\r\n                  <\/figure>\r\n\r\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__slide\">\r\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/photocurrent-1.png\"\r\n                      alt=\"Photocurrent measurement\"\r\n                      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n                    \/>\r\n                    <figcaption>\r\n                      Photocurrent response and device characterization\r\n                    <\/figcaption>\r\n                  <\/figure>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__controls\">\r\n                <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__arrows\">\r\n                  <button\r\n                    class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__button\"\r\n                    type=\"button\"\r\n                    data-cpse-prev\r\n                    aria-label=\"Previous image\"\r\n                  >\u2039<\/button>\r\n\r\n                  <button\r\n                    class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__button\"\r\n                    type=\"button\"\r\n                    data-cpse-next\r\n                    aria-label=\"Next image\"\r\n                  >\u203a<\/button>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__dots\"><\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n\r\n        <!-- Communication -->\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-thz-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-thz-theme__heading\">\r\n              <span class=\"cpse-thz-theme__icon\">C<\/span>\r\n\r\n              <div>\r\n                <h3>Terahertz Communication<\/h3>\r\n                <span class=\"cpse-thz-theme__short\">\r\n                  High-capacity links, antennas and propagation\r\n                <\/span>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-thz-theme__toggle\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-thz-theme__body\">\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-thz-theme__copy\">\r\n              <p>\r\n                The large bandwidth available at terahertz\r\n                frequencies offers opportunities for extremely\r\n                high-speed wireless communication and\r\n                data-intensive applications.\r\n              <\/p>\r\n\r\n              <p>\r\n                Research addresses both the advantages of short\r\n                wavelengths and the challenges created by\r\n                absorption, scattering, dispersion and restricted\r\n                transmission range.\r\n              <\/p>\r\n\r\n              <ul class=\"cpse-thz-list\">\r\n                <li>Ultra-high-speed wireless transmission<\/li>\r\n                <li>Compact and high-gain antenna systems<\/li>\r\n                <li>Metamaterials and dielectric resonators<\/li>\r\n                <li>Phased arrays and adaptive beamforming<\/li>\r\n                <li>Signal processing and error correction<\/li>\r\n              <\/ul>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel\" data-cpse-thz-carousel>\r\n              <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__viewport\">\r\n                <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__track\">\r\n\r\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__slide\">\r\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Picture3.png\"\r\n                      alt=\"Terahertz antenna and resonator device\"\r\n                      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n                    \/>\r\n                    <figcaption>\r\n                      Microfabricated structure for terahertz systems\r\n                    <\/figcaption>\r\n                  <\/figure>\r\n\r\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__slide\">\r\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/thz_com.png\"\r\n                      alt=\"Terahertz communication technology\"\r\n                      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n                    \/>\r\n                    <figcaption>\r\n                      Terahertz communication and device research\r\n                    <\/figcaption>\r\n                  <\/figure>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__controls\">\r\n                <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__arrows\">\r\n                  <button\r\n                    class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__button\"\r\n                    type=\"button\"\r\n                    data-cpse-prev\r\n                    aria-label=\"Previous image\"\r\n                  >\u2039<\/button>\r\n\r\n                  <button\r\n                    class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__button\"\r\n                    type=\"button\"\r\n                    data-cpse-next\r\n                    aria-label=\"Next image\"\r\n                  >\u203a<\/button>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__dots\"><\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n\r\n        <!-- Imaging -->\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-thz-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-thz-theme__heading\">\r\n              <span class=\"cpse-thz-theme__icon\">I<\/span>\r\n\r\n              <div>\r\n                <h3>Terahertz Imaging<\/h3>\r\n                <span class=\"cpse-thz-theme__short\">\r\n                  Non-invasive imaging and computational reconstruction\r\n                <\/span>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-thz-theme__toggle\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-thz-theme__body\">\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-thz-theme__copy\">\r\n              <p>\r\n                Terahertz imaging provides non-ionizing and\r\n                non-invasive ways to inspect materials and reveal\r\n                information that can remain hidden to conventional\r\n                optical systems.\r\n              <\/p>\r\n\r\n              <p>\r\n                Imaging hardware is combined with signal processing\r\n                and reconstruction algorithms that transform raw\r\n                terahertz measurements into interpretable images.\r\n              <\/p>\r\n\r\n              <ul class=\"cpse-thz-list\">\r\n                <li>Pixelated and pulsed imaging concepts<\/li>\r\n                <li>Signal processing and image reconstruction<\/li>\r\n                <li>Biomedical and dental imaging research<\/li>\r\n                <li>Security and non-destructive inspection<\/li>\r\n                <li>Agricultural and plant-health monitoring<\/li>\r\n              <\/ul>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel\" data-cpse-thz-carousel>\r\n              <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__viewport\">\r\n                <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__track\">\r\n\r\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__slide\">\r\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n          src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/thz.png\"\r\n                      alt=\"Terahertz imaging experimental platform\"\r\n                      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n                    \/>\r\n                    <figcaption>\r\n                      Terahertz imaging platform and reconstructed image\r\n                    <\/figcaption>\r\n                  <\/figure>\r\n\r\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__slide\">\r\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Picture6.png\"\r\n                      alt=\"Terahertz imaging of olive leaves\"\r\n                      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n                    \/>\r\n                    <figcaption>\r\n                      Terahertz imaging for monitoring olive-leaf conditions\r\n                    <\/figcaption>\r\n                  <\/figure>\r\n\r\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__slide\">\r\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n            src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Picture2-1.png\"\r\n                      alt=\"Terahertz scan\"\r\n                      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n                    \/>\r\n                    <figcaption>\r\n                      Example of a terahertz reconstructed scan\r\n                    <\/figcaption>\r\n                  <\/figure>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__controls\">\r\n                <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__arrows\">\r\n                  <button\r\n                    class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__button\"\r\n                    type=\"button\"\r\n                    data-cpse-prev\r\n                    aria-label=\"Previous image\"\r\n                  >\u2039<\/button>\r\n\r\n                  <button\r\n                    class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__button\"\r\n                    type=\"button\"\r\n                    data-cpse-next\r\n                    aria-label=\"Next image\"\r\n                  >\u203a<\/button>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__dots\"><\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n\r\n        <!-- Sources and detectors -->\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-thz-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-thz-theme__heading\">\r\n              <span class=\"cpse-thz-theme__icon\">D<\/span>\r\n\r\n              <div>\r\n                <h3>Terahertz Sources &amp; Detectors<\/h3>\r\n                <span class=\"cpse-thz-theme__short\">\r\n                  Quantum materials, bolometers and photodetectors\r\n                <\/span>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-thz-theme__toggle\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-thz-theme__body\">\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-thz-theme__copy\">\r\n              <p>\r\n                Research on terahertz sources and detectors explores\r\n                quantum materials and nanoscale devices capable of\r\n                generating, manipulating and measuring terahertz\r\n                radiation.\r\n              <\/p>\r\n\r\n              <p>\r\n                The work examines sensitive detector concepts based\r\n                on quantum dots, semiconductors, plasma waves and\r\n                temperature-dependent electrical response.\r\n              <\/p>\r\n\r\n              <ul class=\"cpse-thz-list\">\r\n                <li>Graphene quantum-dot bolometers<\/li>\r\n                <li>Plasma-wave photodetectors<\/li>\r\n                <li>Semiconductor terahertz devices<\/li>\r\n                <li>Quantum and nanostructured materials<\/li>\r\n                <li>High-sensitivity electrical detection<\/li>\r\n              <\/ul>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel\" data-cpse-thz-carousel>\r\n              <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__viewport\">\r\n                <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__track\">\r\n\r\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__slide\">\r\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/device.png\"\r\n                      alt=\"Terahertz detector device\"\r\n                      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n                    \/>\r\n                    <figcaption>\r\n                      Experimental terahertz detector component\r\n                    <\/figcaption>\r\n                  <\/figure>\r\n\r\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__slide\">\r\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Picture8.png\"\r\n                      alt=\"Terahertz detector measurement\"\r\n                      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n                    \/>\r\n                    <figcaption>\r\n                      Electrical characterization of detector response\r\n                    <\/figcaption>\r\n                  <\/figure>\r\n             <figure class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__slide\">\r\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/bolometer_300_x_300.avif\"\r\n                      alt=\"Terahertz detector measurement\"\r\n                      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n                    \/>\r\n                    <figcaption>\r\n                      Graphene quantum-dot bolometers\r\n                    <\/figcaption>\r\n                  <\/figure>\r\n\r\n                <\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n\r\n              <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__controls\">\r\n                <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__arrows\">\r\n                  <button\r\n                    class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__button\"\r\n                    type=\"button\"\r\n                    data-cpse-prev\r\n                    aria-label=\"Previous image\"\r\n                  >\u2039<\/button>\r\n\r\n                  <button\r\n                    class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__button\"\r\n                    type=\"button\"\r\n                    data-cpse-next\r\n                    aria-label=\"Next image\"\r\n                  >\u203a<\/button>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"cpse-thz-carousel__dots\"><\/div>\r\n              <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n(function () {\r\n  function initializeThzCarousels(scope) 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       accordion.dataset.cpseAccordionReady = \"true\";\r\n\r\n        const rows = accordion.querySelectorAll(\r\n          \".cpse-thz-theme\"\r\n        );\r\n\r\n        rows.forEach(function (row) {\r\n          row.addEventListener(\"toggle\", function () {\r\n            if (!row.open) {\r\n              return;\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            rows.forEach(function (otherRow) {\r\n              if (otherRow !== row) {\r\n                otherRow.removeAttribute(\"open\");\r\n              }\r\n            });\r\n          });\r\n        });\r\n      });\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function initializeEverything() {\r\n    initializeThzCarousels(document);\r\n    initializeThzAccordions(document);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* Works on the published page *\/\r\n  if (document.readyState === \"loading\") {\r\n    document.addEventListener(\r\n      \"DOMContentLoaded\",\r\n      initializeEverything\r\n    );\r\n  } else {\r\n    initializeEverything();\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* Helps when Elementor refreshes the HTML widget preview *\/\r\n  window.addEventListener(\"load\", initializeEverything);\r\n\r\n  setTimeout(initializeEverything, 500);\r\n  setTimeout(initializeEverything, 1500);\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e3c812 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3e3c812\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpse-thz-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-thz-section\" id=\"thz-featured-research\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-thz-shell\">\r\n\r\n      <span class=\"cpse-thz-kicker\">\r\n        Featured publications\r\n      <\/span>\r\n\r\n      <h2 class=\"cpse-thz-title cpse-thz-title--small\">\r\n        Advanced terahertz detection with graphene quantum\r\n        devices\r\n      <\/h2>\r\n\r\n      <p class=\"cpse-thz-intro\">\r\n        Selected studies demonstrate how nanoscale materials and\r\n        quantum confinement can support sensitive terahertz\r\n        detection and compact multipixel systems.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-thz-paper-grid\">\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-thz-paper\">\r\n          <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n            class=\"cpse-thz-paper__image\"\r\n            src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/bolometer_300_x_300.avif\"\r\n            alt=\"Graphene quantum-dot terahertz bolometer\"\r\n            loading=\"lazy\"\r\n          \/>\r\n\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-thz-paper__body\">\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-thz-paper__label\">\r\n              Terahertz bolometers\r\n            <\/span>\r\n\r\n            <h3>\r\n              Epitaxial Graphene Quantum Dots for\r\n              High-Performance Terahertz Bolometers\r\n            <\/h3>\r\n\r\n            <p>\r\n              Quantum confinement in epitaxial graphene is used\r\n              to produce highly responsive hot-electron\r\n              bolometers for terahertz radiation.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n\r\n            <a\r\n              class=\"cpse-thz-paper__link\"\r\n              href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nnano.2015.303\"\r\n              target=\"_blank\"\r\n              rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\r\n            >\r\n              Explore the paper \u2197\r\n            <\/a>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-thz-paper\">\r\n          <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n            class=\"cpse-thz-paper__image\"\r\n            src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/thz_gr.png\"\r\n            alt=\"On-chip graphene quantum-dot detector\"\r\n            loading=\"lazy\"\r\n          \/>\r\n\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-thz-paper__body\">\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-thz-paper__label\">\r\n              On-chip sensing\r\n            <\/span>\r\n\r\n            <h3>\r\n              Graphene Quantum-Dot Bolometer for On-Chip\r\n              Detection of Organic Radical\r\n            <\/h3>\r\n\r\n            <p>\r\n              A graphene quantum-dot bolometer demonstrates\r\n              compact on-chip magnetic-resonance detection,\r\n              reducing the complexity of conventional systems.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n\r\n            <a\r\n              class=\"cpse-thz-paper__link\"\r\n              href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0191087\"\r\n              target=\"_blank\"\r\n              rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\r\n            >\r\n              Explore the paper \u2197\r\n            <\/a>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-thz-paper\">\r\n          <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n            class=\"cpse-thz-paper__image\"\r\n            src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/nanodevice.png\"\r\n            alt=\"Quantum-dot multipixel detector\"\r\n            loading=\"lazy\"\r\n          \/>\r\n\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-thz-paper__body\">\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-thz-paper__label\">\r\n              Multipixel devices\r\n            <\/span>\r\n\r\n            <h3>\r\n              Quantum Dots Array: An Approach to Multipixel\r\n              Devices\r\n            <\/h3>\r\n\r\n            <p>\r\n              Arrays of quantum-dot devices are investigated as\r\n              a pathway toward scalable detector matrices and\r\n              future terahertz imaging systems.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n\r\n            <a\r\n              class=\"cpse-thz-paper__link\"\r\n              href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/adacf8\"\r\n              target=\"_blank\"\r\n              rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\r\n            >\r\n              Explore the paper \u2197\r\n            <\/a>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a339da e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-179fc2a \" data-id=\"7a339da\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"7a339da\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ba6ac2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"0ba6ac2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpse-thz-page\">\r\n  <section\r\n    class=\"cpse-thz-section cpse-thz-section--soft\"\r\n    id=\"thz-applications\"\r\n  >\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-thz-shell\">\r\n\r\n      <span class=\"cpse-thz-kicker\">\r\n        Fields of application\r\n      <\/span>\r\n\r\n      <h2 class=\"cpse-thz-title cpse-thz-title--small\">\r\n        Turning terahertz and optical science into practical\r\n        technologies\r\n      <\/h2>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-thz-card-grid\">\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-thz-card\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-thz-card__mark\">01<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Security &amp; Inspection<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            Non-invasive screening, concealed-object detection\r\n            and material inspection without ionizing radiation.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-thz-card\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-thz-card__mark\">02<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Telecommunications<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            High-capacity wireless links, compact antennas,\r\n            beam control and advanced signal processing.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-thz-card\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-thz-card__mark\">03<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Biomedical Imaging<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            Research into non-invasive imaging concepts for\r\n            tissue, dental and other biomedical applications.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-thz-card\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-thz-card__mark\">04<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Agriculture<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            Imaging and sensing approaches for plant-health,\r\n            water-status and agricultural monitoring.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-thz-card\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-thz-card__mark\">05<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Quantum Sensing<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            Sensitive spectroscopy, metrology and detection\r\n            using quantum materials and coherent phenomena.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-thz-card\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-thz-card__mark\">06<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Scientific Instrumentation<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            Detectors, sources, optical systems and measurement\r\n            platforms for laboratory and industrial research.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-728ab09 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-a73961e \" data-id=\"728ab09\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"728ab09\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42d45fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"42d45fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!--\r\n  CPSE RESEARCH PAGE \u2014 ELEMENTOR HTML\r\n  Paste the complete file into one Elementor HTML widget.\r\n  Keeping it in one widget lets the floating menu remain sticky across the whole page.\r\n  Update root-relative WordPress slugs such as \/research\/publications\/ if your actual slugs differ.\r\n-->\r\n\r\n<!-- =========================\r\n     WIDGET 1 \u2014 SHARED STYLES\r\n     ========================= -->\r\n<style>\r\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;500;600;700;800&display=swap');\r\n\r\nhtml {\r\n  scroll-behavior: smooth;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-research-page {\r\n  --cpse-navy: #071a3d;\r\n  --cpse-orange: #ca5235;\r\n  --cpse-white: #ffffff;\r\n  --cpse-soft: #f5f5f3;\r\n  --cpse-line: #deded9;\r\n  --cpse-text: #384152;\r\n  --cpse-sticky-offset: 92px;\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  overflow: visible;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-text);\r\n  background: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-family: 'Poppins', Arial, sans-serif;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-research-page,\r\n.cpse-research-page * {\r\n  box-sizing: border-box;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-research-page h1,\r\n.cpse-research-page h2,\r\n.cpse-research-page h3,\r\n.cpse-research-page h4,\r\n.cpse-research-page p {\r\n  margin-top: 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-shell {\r\n  width: min(1180px, calc(100% - 40px));\r\n  margin-inline: auto;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-section {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  padding: 92px 0;\r\n  scroll-margin-top: 160px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-section--soft {\r\n  background: var(--cpse-soft);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-kicker {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 10px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 14px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: .12em;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-kicker::before {\r\n  width: 34px;\r\n  height: 3px;\r\n  background: currentColor;\r\n  content: '';\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-title {\r\n  max-width: 820px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 18px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  font-size: clamp(34px, 4.4vw, 58px);\r\n  line-height: 1.08;\r\n  letter-spacing: -.04em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-title--small {\r\n  font-size: clamp(30px, 3.4vw, 46px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-intro {\r\n  max-width: 820px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 42px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-text);\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n  line-height: 1.75;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-btn {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  min-height: 52px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: center;\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n  padding: 13px 22px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white) !important;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease, background .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-btn:hover {\r\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 12px 26px rgba(7, 26, 61, .16);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-btn--outline {\r\n  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);\r\n  background: transparent;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-btn--light {\r\n  border-color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  background: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-btn__arrow {\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n  line-height: 1;\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-btn:hover .cpse-r-btn__arrow {\r\n  transform: translateX(3px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Hero *\/\r\n.cpse-r-hero {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  isolation: isolate;\r\n  min-height: 690px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero::before,\r\n.cpse-r-hero::after {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  z-index: -1;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .13);\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  content: '';\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero::before {\r\n  width: 720px;\r\n  height: 720px;\r\n  top: -330px;\r\n  right: -170px;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 0 0 70px rgba(255, 255, 255, .025), 0 0 0 140px rgba(255, 255, 255, .018);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero::after {\r\n  width: 270px;\r\n  height: 270px;\r\n  bottom: -170px;\r\n  left: 8%;\r\n  border-color: rgba(202, 82, 53, .55);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero__grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.25fr) minmax(320px, .75fr);\r\n  gap: 80px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  padding: 105px 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero .cpse-r-kicker {\r\n  color: #f28b70;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero h1 {\r\n  max-width: 760px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 24px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-size: clamp(48px, 7vw, 86px);\r\n  line-height: .98;\r\n  letter-spacing: -.055em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero__lead {\r\n  max-width: 680px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 34px;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .78);\r\n  font-size: clamp(17px, 1.8vw, 21px);\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-actions {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero__map {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n  padding: 18px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .18);\r\n  border-radius: 28px;\r\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .055);\r\n  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero__map span {\r\n  min-height: 112px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: flex-end;\r\n  padding: 18px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .12);\r\n  border-radius: 18px;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .9);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  line-height: 1.4;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero__map span:first-child {\r\n  grid-column: 1 \/ -1;\r\n  min-height: 142px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 21px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Floating page menu *\/\r\n.cpse-r-floating-wrap {\r\n  position: sticky;\r\n  z-index: 80;\r\n  top: var(--cpse-sticky-offset);\r\n  margin-top: -30px;\r\n  pointer-events: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-floating {\r\n  width: min(1180px, calc(100% - 40px));\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  gap: 5px;\r\n  margin-inline: auto;\r\n  padding: 7px;\r\n  overflow-x: auto;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-line);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .96);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 18px 46px rgba(7, 26, 61, .13);\r\n  scrollbar-width: none;\r\n  pointer-events: auto;\r\n  backdrop-filter: blur(10px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-floating::-webkit-scrollbar {\r\n  display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-floating a {\r\n  flex: 1 0 auto;\r\n  padding: 12px 17px;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy) !important;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  text-align: center;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  white-space: nowrap;\r\n  transition: background .2s ease, color .2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-floating a:hover,\r\n.cpse-r-floating a.is-active {\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Mission *\/\r\n.cpse-r-mission-grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1.1fr .9fr;\r\n  gap: 70px;\r\n  align-items: start;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-mission-copy p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 22px;\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n  line-height: 1.8;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-principles {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-principle {\r\n  padding: 24px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-line);\r\n  border-left: 4px solid var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  border-radius: 0 16px 16px 0;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-principle h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 6px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-principle p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  line-height: 1.65;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Research pillar accordion *\/\r\n.cpse-r-pillars {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 14px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar {\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-line);\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  transition: border-color .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease, transform .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar:hover,\r\n.cpse-r-pillar[open] {\r\n  border-color: rgba(202, 82, 53, .55);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 14px 34px rgba(7, 26, 61, .09);\r\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar summary {\r\n  min-height: 116px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 58px minmax(0, 1fr) 42px;\r\n  gap: 22px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  padding: 24px 28px;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  list-style: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar summary::-webkit-details-marker {\r\n  display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar__mark {\r\n  width: 58px;\r\n  height: 58px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: .08em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar[open] .cpse-r-pillar__mark,\r\n.cpse-r-pillar:hover .cpse-r-pillar__mark {\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar__heading h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 7px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  font-size: clamp(20px, 2.4vw, 29px);\r\n  line-height: 1.25;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar__heading p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-text);\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  line-height: 1.55;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar__toggle {\r\n  width: 38px;\r\n  height: 38px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-soft);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 23px;\r\n  font-weight: 500;\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar[open] .cpse-r-pillar__toggle {\r\n  transform: rotate(45deg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar__body {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1.15fr;\r\n  gap: 36px;\r\n  padding: 0 28px 30px 108px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar__body > p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  font-size: 15px;\r\n  line-height: 1.75;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-topic-list {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  align-content: flex-start;\r\n  gap: 8px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-topic-list span {\r\n  padding: 9px 12px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-line);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  background: var(--cpse-soft);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Shared card grids *\/\r\n.cpse-r-grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-grid--3 {\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-grid--4 {\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  min-height: 245px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-direction: column;\r\n  padding: 28px;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-line);\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease, border-color .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card:hover {\r\n  transform: translateY(-5px);\r\n  border-color: rgba(202, 82, 53, .5);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 18px 40px rgba(7, 26, 61, .1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card__eyebrow {\r\n  display: inline-block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 28px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: .1em;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 12px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  font-size: 20px;\r\n  line-height: 1.35;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 22px;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card__link {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 8px;\r\n  margin-top: auto;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange) !important;\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card__link:hover {\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Capabilities *\/\r\n.cpse-r-capability {\r\n  min-height: 190px;\r\n  padding-top: 34px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-capability::before {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: 0;\r\n  left: 28px;\r\n  width: 48px;\r\n  height: 4px;\r\n  border-radius: 0 0 4px 4px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  content: '';\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Projects *\/\r\n.cpse-r-project {\r\n  min-height: 310px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-project::after {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  right: -52px;\r\n  bottom: -52px;\r\n  width: 135px;\r\n  height: 135px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(7, 26, 61, .1);\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  content: '';\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Facilities *\/\r\n.cpse-r-facility {\r\n  min-height: 285px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-facility__code {\r\n  width: 54px;\r\n  height: 54px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  margin-bottom: 26px;\r\n  border-radius: 14px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: .06em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-facility:hover .cpse-r-facility__code {\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Publications *\/\r\n.cpse-r-dark {\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .78);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-dark .cpse-r-title,\r\n.cpse-r-dark h3 {\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-dark .cpse-r-intro {\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .72);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-output-grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 34px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-output {\r\n  min-height: 130px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: flex-end;\r\n  padding: 20px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .18);\r\n  border-radius: 16px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-size: 15px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-output:hover {\r\n  border-color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  background: rgba(202, 82, 53, .16);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Community *\/\r\n.cpse-r-community-card {\r\n  min-height: 225px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Partnership \/ impact *\/\r\n.cpse-r-impact-layout {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: .82fr 1.18fr;\r\n  gap: 56px;\r\n  align-items: start;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-callout {\r\n  padding: 34px;\r\n  border-radius: 24px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .76);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-callout h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 14px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-size: 27px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-callout p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  line-height: 1.75;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-list {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\r\n  gap: 14px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-item {\r\n  min-height: 170px;\r\n  padding: 24px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-line);\r\n  border-radius: 18px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-item h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 9px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-item p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  line-height: 1.65;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Opportunities *\/\r\n.cpse-r-opportunity {\r\n  min-height: 270px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-opportunity__tag {\r\n  width: fit-content;\r\n  margin-bottom: 32px;\r\n  padding: 7px 10px;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-soft);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Final CTA *\/\r\n.cpse-r-cta {\r\n  padding: 78px 0;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-cta__inner {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  gap: 42px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-cta h2 {\r\n  max-width: 680px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-size: clamp(34px, 4vw, 54px);\r\n  line-height: 1.12;\r\n  letter-spacing: -.035em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-cta p {\r\n  max-width: 700px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .82);\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Responsive *\/\r\n@media (max-width: 1024px) {\r\n  .cpse-research-page {\r\n    --cpse-sticky-offset: 78px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero__grid,\r\n  .cpse-r-mission-grid,\r\n  .cpse-r-impact-layout {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero__grid {\r\n    gap: 44px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero__map {\r\n    max-width: 650px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-grid--4,\r\n  .cpse-r-output-grid {\r\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n  .cpse-research-page {\r\n    --cpse-sticky-offset: 8px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-shell {\r\n    width: min(100% - 28px, 1180px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-section {\r\n    padding: 68px 0;\r\n    scroll-margin-top: 108px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero {\r\n    min-height: auto;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero__grid {\r\n    grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr);\r\n    padding: 78px 0 94px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero h1 {\r\n    font-size: clamp(44px, 14vw, 66px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero__map span {\r\n    min-height: 92px;\r\n    padding: 14px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-floating-wrap {\r\n    margin-top: -25px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-floating {\r\n    width: calc(100% - 20px);\r\n    justify-content: flex-start;\r\n    border-radius: 18px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-floating a {\r\n    flex: 0 0 auto;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-grid--3,\r\n  .cpse-r-grid--4,\r\n  .cpse-r-output-grid,\r\n  .cpse-r-impact-list {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-pillar summary {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 44px minmax(0, 1fr) 34px;\r\n    gap: 12px;\r\n    min-height: 104px;\r\n    padding: 20px 16px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-pillar__mark {\r\n    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=========================\r\n       WIDGET 8 \u2014 PUBLICATIONS\r\n       ========================= -->\r\n  <section id=\"publications\" class=\"cpse-r-section cpse-r-dark\" aria-labelledby=\"cpse-publications-title\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-r-shell\">\r\n      <h2 id=\"cpse-publications-title\" class=\"cpse-r-title cpse-r-title--small\">\r\n        Publications, knowledge and research outcomes\r\n      <\/h2>\r\n      <p class=\"cpse-r-intro\">\r\n        Explore CPSE contributions across physical sciences, engineering and\r\n        technology. The publication archive can be organized by research area,\r\n        year, author and output type.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-r-output-grid\">\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-r-output\">Journal Articles<\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-r-output\">Patents &amp; Prototypes<\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <!-- Update this slug if your Publications page uses a different URL. -->\r\n      <a class=\"cpse-r-btn cpse-r-btn--light\" href=\"\/research\/publications\/\">\r\n        Browse publications\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-r-btn__arrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span>\r\n      <\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- =========================\r\n     WIDGET 10 \u2014 LIGHTWEIGHT INTERACTIONS\r\n     ========================= -->\r\n<script>\r\n(function () {\r\n  const page = document.querySelector('.cpse-research-page');\r\n  if (!page) return;\r\n\r\n  \/* Keep only one research pillar open at a time. 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