{"id":1311,"date":"2026-07-22T14:27:03","date_gmt":"2026-07-22T14:27:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/?page_id=1311"},"modified":"2026-07-23T10:49:30","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T10:49:30","slug":"intelligent-energy-systems","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/?page_id=1311","title":{"rendered":"Intelligent Energy Systems"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1311\" class=\"elementor elementor-1311\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-139ab54 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-bf60c5b \" data-id=\"139ab54\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"139ab54\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b21771f elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b21771f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 1 \u2014 SHARED STYLES\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<style>\r\n@import url(\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;500;600;700;800&display=swap\");\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-page {\r\n  --ies-navy: #071633;\r\n  --ies-navy-2: #10264d;\r\n  --ies-orange: #c95637;\r\n  --ies-white: #ffffff;\r\n  --ies-soft: #f5f6f8;\r\n  --ies-line: #dfe3e9;\r\n  --ies-text: #465064;\r\n  --ies-shadow: 0 22px 55px rgba(7, 22, 51, .11);\r\n  color: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", Arial, sans-serif;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-page,\r\n.cpse-ies-page * {\r\n  box-sizing: border-box;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-page img {\r\n  max-width: 100%;\r\n  display: block;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-page a {\r\n  color: inherit;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-section {\r\n  padding: 100px 24px;\r\n  scroll-margin-top: 110px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-section--soft {\r\n  background: var(--ies-soft);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-section--dark {\r\n  background: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  color: var(--ies-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-shell {\r\n  width: min(1240px, 100%);\r\n  margin: 0 auto;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-heading {\r\n  max-width: 880px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 48px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-kicker {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 15px;\r\n  color: var(--ies-orange);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.7px;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-kicker::before {\r\n  width: 38px;\r\n  height: 2px;\r\n  background: currentColor;\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-title {\r\n  margin: 0 0 20px;\r\n  color: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  font-size: clamp(35px, 4.5vw, 61px);\r\n  line-height: 1.08;\r\n  letter-spacing: -2px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-title--small {\r\n  font-size: clamp(32px, 3.7vw, 50px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-section--dark .cpse-ies-title {\r\n  color: var(--ies-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-intro {\r\n  max-width: 830px;\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--ies-text);\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n  line-height: 1.8;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-section--dark .cpse-ies-intro {\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .74);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-btn {\r\n  min-height: 58px;\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 17px;\r\n  padding: 9px 10px 9px 25px;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--ies-orange);\r\n  color: #fff !important;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease, background .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-btn:hover {\r\n  background: #b9482f;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 15px 30px rgba(201, 86, 55, .28);\r\n  transform: translateY(-3px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-btn__arrow {\r\n  width: 40px;\r\n  height: 40px;\r\n  flex: 0 0 40px;\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: center;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  color: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-btn:hover .cpse-ies-btn__arrow {\r\n  transform: translate(2px, -2px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Hero *\/\r\n.cpse-ies-hero {\r\n  width: 100vw;\r\n  min-height: 760px;\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  margin-left: calc(50% - 50vw);\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  background-color: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  background-image:\r\n    linear-gradient(\r\n      90deg,\r\n      rgba(4, 15, 37, .96) 0%,\r\n      rgba(4, 15, 37, .82) 30%,\r\n      rgba(4, 15, 37, .35) 58%,\r\n      rgba(4, 15, 37, .08) 100%\r\n    ),\r\n    url(\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/hero_intelligent_energy_systems.png\");\r\n  background-position: center center;\r\n  background-repeat: no-repeat;\r\n  background-size: cover;\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-hero::after {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  inset: 0;\r\n  background: linear-gradient(\r\n    0deg,\r\n    rgba(5, 17, 40, .42) 0%,\r\n    transparent 42%\r\n  );\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n  pointer-events: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-hero__inner {\r\n  width: min(1320px, calc(100% - 48px));\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  z-index: 2;\r\n  margin: auto;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-hero__content {\r\n  max-width: 760px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-hero .cpse-ies-kicker {\r\n  color: #f08162;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-hero h1 {\r\n  max-width: 760px;\r\n  margin: 0 0 27px;\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  font-size: clamp(51px, 7vw, 92px);\r\n  line-height: .98;\r\n  letter-spacing: -4px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-hero__lead {\r\n  max-width: 730px;\r\n  margin: 0 0 35px;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .82);\r\n  font-size: clamp(17px, 1.6vw, 21px);\r\n  line-height: 1.75;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-hero__actions {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  gap: 13px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-hero__facts {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  gap: 11px;\r\n  margin-top: 30px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-hero__fact {\r\n  padding: 10px 14px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .23);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: rgba(6, 20, 47, .46);\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .85);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-scroll {\r\n  width: 34px;\r\n  height: 56px;\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  z-index: 3;\r\n  bottom: 25px;\r\n  left: 50%;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .48);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-scroll::after {\r\n  width: 5px;\r\n  height: 9px;\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: 11px;\r\n  left: 50%;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--ies-orange);\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n  transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n  animation: iesScroll 1.8s ease-in-out infinite;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Floating menu *\/\r\n.cpse-ies-menu {\r\n  position: fixed;\r\n  z-index: 9994;\r\n  top: 50%;\r\n  right: 22px;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", Arial, sans-serif;\r\n  transform: translateY(-50%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__panel {\r\n  width: 305px;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(7, 22, 51, .11);\r\n  border-radius: 24px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 24px 60px rgba(7, 22, 51, .2);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__head {\r\n  min-height: 76px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n  gap: 15px;\r\n  padding: 18px 18px 18px 23px;\r\n  background: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__head span {\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__close {\r\n  width: 40px;\r\n  height: 40px;\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  flex: 0 0 40px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .25);\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: transparent;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__close::before,\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__close::after {\r\n  width: 15px;\r\n  height: 2px;\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: 50%;\r\n  left: 50%;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__close::before {\r\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(45deg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__close::after {\r\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(-45deg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__links {\r\n  max-height: 58vh;\r\n  overflow-y: auto;\r\n  padding: 10px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__links a {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n  gap: 13px;\r\n  padding: 14px 13px;\r\n  border-radius: 13px;\r\n  color: var(--ies-navy) !important;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  transition: color .2s ease, background .2s ease, padding .2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__links a::after {\r\n  color: var(--ies-orange);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n  content: \"\u203a\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__links a:hover,\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__links a.is-active {\r\n  padding-left: 18px;\r\n  background: #f5ebe7;\r\n  color: var(--ies-orange) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__open {\r\n  min-height: 64px;\r\n  display: none;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 14px;\r\n  padding: 10px 12px 10px 22px;\r\n  border: 0;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  font-family: inherit;\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 16px 38px rgba(7, 22, 51, .23);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__bars {\r\n  width: 42px;\r\n  height: 42px;\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  flex-direction: column;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: center;\r\n  gap: 5px;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu__bars i {\r\n  width: 16px;\r\n  height: 2px;\r\n  display: block;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu.is-closed .cpse-ies-menu__panel {\r\n  display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-menu.is-closed .cpse-ies-menu__open {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Overview *\/\r\n.cpse-ies-overview {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1.1fr .9fr;\r\n  gap: 72px;\r\n  align-items: start;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-overview__statement {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  font-size: clamp(25px, 3vw, 40px);\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n  line-height: 1.38;\r\n  letter-spacing: -1px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-overview__copy p {\r\n  margin: 0 0 20px;\r\n  color: var(--ies-text);\r\n  font-size: 16px;\r\n  line-height: 1.85;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-evidence {\r\n  grid-column: 1 \/ -1;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);\r\n  gap: 18px;\r\n  margin-top: 4px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-evidence__item {\r\n  padding: 26px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--ies-line);\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-evidence__item span {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 9px;\r\n  color: var(--ies-orange);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.3px;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-evidence__item strong {\r\n  color: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n  line-height: 1.4;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Themes accordion *\/\r\n.cpse-ies-themes {\r\n  border-top: 1px solid var(--ies-line);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-theme {\r\n  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--ies-line);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-theme summary {\r\n  min-height: 108px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 66px minmax(0, 1fr) 46px;\r\n  gap: 20px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  padding: 20px 7px;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  list-style: none;\r\n  transition: padding .25s ease, color .25s ease, background .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-theme summary::-webkit-details-marker {\r\n  display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-theme summary:hover,\r\n.cpse-ies-theme[open] summary {\r\n  padding-right: 20px;\r\n  padding-left: 20px;\r\n  background: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-theme__index {\r\n  color: var(--ies-orange);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-theme h3 {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: inherit;\r\n  font-size: clamp(21px, 2.4vw, 31px);\r\n  line-height: 1.3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-theme__toggle {\r\n  width: 40px;\r\n  height: 40px;\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  border: 1px solid currentColor;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-theme__toggle::before,\r\n.cpse-ies-theme__toggle::after {\r\n  width: 14px;\r\n  height: 2px;\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: 50%;\r\n  left: 50%;\r\n  background: currentColor;\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-theme__toggle::after {\r\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(90deg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-theme[open] .cpse-ies-theme__toggle::after {\r\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(0);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-theme__body {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1.15fr .85fr;\r\n  gap: 34px;\r\n  padding: 31px 24px 42px 93px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-theme__body p {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--ies-text);\r\n  font-size: 15px;\r\n  line-height: 1.8;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-tags {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  align-content: flex-start;\r\n  gap: 8px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-tags span {\r\n  padding: 9px 12px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--ies-line);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--ies-soft);\r\n  color: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Energy system flow *\/\r\n.cpse-ies-flow {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 1fr);\r\n  gap: 15px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-flow__step {\r\n  min-height: 230px;\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  padding: 28px 23px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);\r\n  border-radius: 21px;\r\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .055);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-flow__step:not(:last-child)::after {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  z-index: 2;\r\n  top: 50%;\r\n  right: -23px;\r\n  color: var(--ies-orange);\r\n  font-size: 28px;\r\n  content: \"\u2192\";\r\n  transform: translateY(-50%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-flow__number {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 34px;\r\n  color: #f08162;\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.3px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-flow h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 12px;\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-flow p {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .66);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Cards *\/\r\n.cpse-ies-grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 21px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-grid--3 {\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-card {\r\n  min-height: 285px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-direction: column;\r\n  padding: 32px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--ies-line);\r\n  border-radius: 22px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  transition: transform .28s ease, box-shadow .28s ease, border-color .28s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-card:hover {\r\n  border-color: rgba(201, 86, 55, .43);\r\n  box-shadow: var(--ies-shadow);\r\n  transform: translateY(-6px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-card__label {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 28px;\r\n  color: var(--ies-orange);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.25px;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-card h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 15px;\r\n  color: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  font-size: 22px;\r\n  line-height: 1.35;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-card p {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--ies-text);\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  line-height: 1.75;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Methods *\/\r\n.cpse-ies-methods {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);\r\n  gap: 17px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-method {\r\n  min-height: 205px;\r\n  padding: 28px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--ies-line);\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-method::before {\r\n  width: 44px;\r\n  height: 4px;\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 27px;\r\n  border-radius: 99px;\r\n  background: var(--ies-orange);\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-method h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 11px;\r\n  color: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-method p {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--ies-text);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Papers *\/\r\n.cpse-ies-papers {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n  gap: 21px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-paper {\r\n  min-height: 390px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-direction: column;\r\n  padding: 32px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--ies-line);\r\n  border-radius: 22px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  transition: transform .28s ease, box-shadow .28s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-paper:hover {\r\n  box-shadow: var(--ies-shadow);\r\n  transform: translateY(-6px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-paper__visual {\r\n  min-height: 128px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: flex-end;\r\n  margin: -16px -16px 27px;\r\n  padding: 20px;\r\n  border-radius: 16px;\r\n  background:\r\n    linear-gradient(145deg, rgba(16, 38, 77, .2), rgba(7, 22, 51, .92)),\r\n    repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0 24px, rgba(255, 255, 255, .06) 24px 25px),\r\n    var(--ies-navy);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.2px;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-paper h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 15px;\r\n  color: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n  line-height: 1.5;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-paper p {\r\n  margin: 0 0 23px;\r\n  color: var(--ies-text);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  line-height: 1.72;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-paper__link {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 8px;\r\n  margin-top: auto;\r\n  color: var(--ies-orange) !important;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-paper__link:hover {\r\n  text-decoration: underline !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Applications *\/\r\n.cpse-ies-applications {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);\r\n  gap: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-application {\r\n  min-height: 205px;\r\n  padding: 29px;\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-application span {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 25px;\r\n  color: var(--ies-orange);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.2px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-application h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 11px;\r\n  color: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  font-size: 19px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-application p {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--ies-text);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* CTA *\/\r\n.cpse-ies-cta {\r\n  padding: clamp(46px, 7vw, 84px);\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border-radius: 32px;\r\n  background: var(--ies-navy);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-cta::after {\r\n  width: 370px;\r\n  height: 370px;\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: -215px;\r\n  right: -85px;\r\n  border: 68px solid rgba(201, 86, 55, .25);\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-cta__content {\r\n  max-width: 820px;\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  z-index: 2;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-cta h2 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 19px;\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  font-size: clamp(36px, 5vw, 64px);\r\n  line-height: 1.08;\r\n  letter-spacing: -2px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-cta p {\r\n  max-width: 730px;\r\n  margin: 0 0 30px;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .75);\r\n  font-size: 16px;\r\n  line-height: 1.75;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-cta__actions {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  gap: 13px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Reveal animation *\/\r\n.cpse-ies-js [data-ies-reveal] {\r\n  opacity: 0;\r\n  transform: translateY(32px);\r\n  transition: opacity .8s ease, transform .8s cubic-bezier(.2, .75, .25, 1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-ies-js [data-ies-reveal].is-visible {\r\n  opacity: 1;\r\n  transform: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes iesScroll {\r\n  0% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, 0); }\r\n  40% { opacity: 1; }\r\n  100% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, 22px); }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 1050px) {\r\n  .cpse-ies-flow {\r\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-flow__step:not(:last-child)::after {\r\n    display: none;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-grid--3,\r\n  .cpse-ies-papers {\r\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n  .cpse-ies-section {\r\n    padding: 72px 20px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-title {\r\n    letter-spacing: -1.2px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-hero {\r\n    min-height: 720px;\r\n    background-position: 59% center;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-hero::before {\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    inset: 0;\r\n    z-index: 1;\r\n    background: rgba(4, 15, 37, .52);\r\n    content: \"\";\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-hero__inner {\r\n    width: calc(100% - 40px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-hero h1 {\r\n    font-size: clamp(44px, 13vw, 64px);\r\n    letter-spacing: -2.5px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-overview,\r\n  .cpse-ies-theme__body {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-evidence,\r\n  .cpse-ies-methods,\r\n  .cpse-ies-applications,\r\n  .cpse-ies-grid--3,\r\n  .cpse-ies-papers,\r\n  .cpse-ies-flow {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-theme summary {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 40px minmax(0, 1fr) 40px;\r\n    gap: 11px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-theme__body {\r\n    padding: 27px 18px 36px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-flow__step {\r\n    min-height: auto;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-menu {\r\n    top: auto;\r\n    right: 12px;\r\n    bottom: 12px;\r\n    transform: none;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-menu__panel {\r\n    width: min(330px, calc(100vw - 24px));\r\n    max-height: calc(100vh - 125px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-menu__links {\r\n    max-height: calc(100vh - 220px);\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {\r\n  .cpse-ies-page *,\r\n  .cpse-ies-page *::before,\r\n  .cpse-ies-page *::after {\r\n    scroll-behavior: auto !important;\r\n    animation: none !important;\r\n    transition-duration: .01ms !important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-ies-js [data-ies-reveal] {\r\n    opacity: 1;\r\n    transform: none;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b93af36 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-5257035 \" data-id=\"b93af36\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"b93af36\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccaf1d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"ccaf1d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- INTELLIGENT ENERGY SYSTEMS \u2014 HERO WIDGET -->\r\n<section\r\n  id=\"cpse-ies-new-hero\"\r\n  class=\"cpse-ies-hero\"\r\n  aria-labelledby=\"cpse-ies-hero-title\"\r\n>\r\n  <!-- Migration-safe image -->\r\n  <img\r\n    class=\"cpse-ies-new-hero__image\"\r\n    src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/hero_Intelligent_Energy_Systems-.png\"\r\n    alt=\"\"\r\n    fetchpriority=\"high\"\r\n    decoding=\"async\"\r\n  >\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"cpse-ies-new-hero__overlay\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"cpse-ies-new-hero__inner\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-ies-new-hero__content\">\r\n\r\n      <span class=\"cpse-ies-new-hero__kicker\">\r\n        CPSE Research\r\n      <\/span>\r\n\r\n      <h1 id=\"cpse-ies-hero-title\">\r\n        Intelligent<br>\r\n        Energy Systems\r\n      <\/h1>\r\n\r\n      <p class=\"cpse-ies-new-hero__lead\">\r\n        Advancing the modeling, optimization, control and intelligent\r\n        management of renewable-rich energy systems for a more efficient,\r\n        resilient and sustainable energy future.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-new-hero__actions\">\r\n\r\n        <a class=\"cpse-ies-new-hero__button\" href=\"#research-themes\">\r\n          <span>Explore the Research<\/span>\r\n\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-ies-new-hero__button-arrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n            \u2197\r\n          <\/span>\r\n        <\/a>\r\n\r\n        <a\r\n          class=\"cpse-ies-new-hero__button cpse-ies-new-hero__button--outline\"\r\n          href=\"#featured-research\"\r\n        >\r\n          <span>Featured Research<\/span>\r\n\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-ies-new-hero__button-arrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n            \u2197\r\n          <\/span>\r\n        <\/a>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-new-hero__facts\">\r\n        <span>Renewable Integration<\/span>\r\n        <span>Smart Grids<\/span>\r\n        <span>Energy Management<\/span>\r\n        <span>Digital Intelligence<\/span>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <a\r\n    class=\"cpse-ies-new-hero__scroll\"\r\n    href=\"#research-overview\"\r\n    aria-label=\"Continue to the research overview\"\r\n  >\r\n    <span><\/span>\r\n  <\/a>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\n\/* =========================================================\r\n   INTELLIGENT ENERGY SYSTEMS \u2014 SCOPED HERO STYLES\r\n   These selectors override the previous hero styling.\r\n   ========================================================= *\/\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero {\r\n  width: 100vw !important;\r\n  min-height: clamp(680px, 86vh, 900px) !important;\r\n  position: relative !important;\r\n  isolation: isolate;\r\n  display: flex !important;\r\n  align-items: center !important;\r\n  margin: 0 0 0 calc(50% - 50vw) !important;\r\n  padding: 0 !important;\r\n  overflow: hidden !important;\r\n  background: #071633 !important;\r\n  color: #ffffff !important;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", Arial, sans-serif;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Actual HTML image *\/\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__image {\r\n  width: 100% !important;\r\n  height: 100% !important;\r\n  max-width: none !important;\r\n  position: absolute !important;\r\n  inset: 0 !important;\r\n  z-index: 0 !important;\r\n  display: block !important;\r\n  margin: 0 !important;\r\n  padding: 0 !important;\r\n  object-fit: cover !important;\r\n  object-position: center center !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Disable overlays inherited from the old hero *\/\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero::before,\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero::after {\r\n  display: none !important;\r\n  content: none !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* New controlled overlay *\/\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__overlay {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  inset: 0;\r\n  z-index: 1;\r\n  background:\r\n    linear-gradient(\r\n      90deg,\r\n      rgba(3, 13, 34, .97) 0%,\r\n      rgba(3, 13, 34, .88) 28%,\r\n      rgba(3, 13, 34, .55) 48%,\r\n      rgba(3, 13, 34, .17) 72%,\r\n      rgba(3, 13, 34, .05) 100%\r\n    ),\r\n    linear-gradient(\r\n      0deg,\r\n      rgba(3, 13, 34, .48) 0%,\r\n      transparent 42%\r\n    );\r\n  pointer-events: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__inner {\r\n  width: min(1320px, calc(100% - 48px)) !important;\r\n  position: relative !important;\r\n  z-index: 2 !important;\r\n  margin: 0 auto !important;\r\n  padding: 100px 0 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__content {\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  max-width: 760px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__kicker {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 13px;\r\n  margin: 0 0 20px;\r\n  color: #f08162;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  line-height: 1.2;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.8px;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__kicker::before {\r\n  width: 40px;\r\n  height: 2px;\r\n  flex: 0 0 40px;\r\n  background: currentColor;\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero h1 {\r\n  max-width: 760px !important;\r\n  margin: 0 0 28px !important;\r\n  padding: 0 !important;\r\n  color: #ffffff !important;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", Arial, sans-serif !important;\r\n  font-size: clamp(54px, 7vw, 94px) !important;\r\n  font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n  line-height: .98 !important;\r\n  letter-spacing: -4px !important;\r\n  text-transform: none !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__lead {\r\n  max-width: 720px;\r\n  margin: 0 0 36px !important;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .84) !important;\r\n  font-size: clamp(17px, 1.5vw, 21px) !important;\r\n  font-weight: 400;\r\n  line-height: 1.75 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__actions {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  gap: 13px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__button {\r\n  min-height: 58px;\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 17px;\r\n  padding: 9px 10px 9px 25px;\r\n  border: 1px solid #c95637;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: #c95637;\r\n  color: #ffffff !important;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 13px 30px rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);\r\n  transition:\r\n    background .25s ease,\r\n    border-color .25s ease,\r\n    box-shadow .25s ease,\r\n    transform .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__button--outline {\r\n  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .48);\r\n  background: rgba(7, 22, 51, .34);\r\n  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__button:hover {\r\n  border-color: #b9482f;\r\n  background: #b9482f;\r\n  color: #ffffff !important;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 17px 34px rgba(201, 86, 55, .28);\r\n  transform: translateY(-3px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__button--outline:hover {\r\n  border-color: #ffffff;\r\n  background: #ffffff;\r\n  color: #071633 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__button-arrow {\r\n  width: 40px;\r\n  height: 40px;\r\n  flex: 0 0 40px;\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: center;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: #ffffff;\r\n  color: #071633;\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__button:hover\r\n.cpse-ies-new-hero__button-arrow {\r\n  transform: translate(2px, -2px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__facts {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  gap: 10px;\r\n  margin-top: 30px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__facts span {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  padding: 10px 14px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .23);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: rgba(6, 20, 47, .46);\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .88);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Animated scroll indicator *\/\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__scroll {\r\n  width: 34px;\r\n  height: 56px;\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  z-index: 3;\r\n  bottom: 25px;\r\n  left: 50%;\r\n  display: block;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .48);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__scroll span {\r\n  width: 5px;\r\n  height: 9px;\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: 11px;\r\n  left: 50%;\r\n  display: block;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: #c95637;\r\n  transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n  animation: cpseIesHeroScroll 1.8s ease-in-out infinite;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes cpseIesHeroScroll {\r\n  0% {\r\n    opacity: 0;\r\n    transform: translate(-50%, 0);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  40% {\r\n    opacity: 1;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  100% {\r\n    opacity: 0;\r\n    transform: translate(-50%, 22px);\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Tablet *\/\r\n@media (max-width: 1024px) {\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero {\r\n    min-height: 760px !important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__image {\r\n    object-position: 60% center !important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__content {\r\n    max-width: 680px;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Mobile *\/\r\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero {\r\n    min-height: 760px !important;\r\n    align-items: flex-end !important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__image {\r\n    object-position: 68% center !important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__overlay {\r\n    background:\r\n      linear-gradient(\r\n        0deg,\r\n        rgba(3, 13, 34, .99) 0%,\r\n        rgba(3, 13, 34, .92) 46%,\r\n        rgba(3, 13, 34, .38) 100%\r\n      );\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__inner {\r\n    width: calc(100% - 40px) !important;\r\n    padding: 120px 0 76px !important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero h1 {\r\n    font-size: clamp(43px, 12.5vw, 62px) !important;\r\n    line-height: 1.02 !important;\r\n    letter-spacing: -2.4px !important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__lead {\r\n    font-size: 16px !important;\r\n    line-height: 1.65 !important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__actions {\r\n    align-items: stretch;\r\n    flex-direction: column;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__button {\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    justify-content: space-between;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__facts {\r\n    display: none;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero .cpse-ies-new-hero__scroll {\r\n    display: none;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero *,\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero *::before,\r\n  #cpse-ies-new-hero *::after {\r\n    animation: none !important;\r\n    transition: none !important;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-440c775 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-ddd3cc7 \" data-id=\"440c775\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"440c775\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f969d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"7f969d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 3 \u2014 FLOATING PAGE MENU\r\n     Starts open. The reopen button remains on the right.\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-ies-page\">\r\n  <nav class=\"cpse-ies-menu\" aria-label=\"Intelligent Energy Systems page navigation\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-ies-menu__panel\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-menu__head\">\r\n        <span>On this page<\/span>\r\n        <button class=\"cpse-ies-menu__close\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Close page navigation\"><\/button>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-menu__links\">\r\n        <a href=\"#ies-overview\">Overview<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"#ies-themes\">Research Themes<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"#ies-system\">Energy-System Chain<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"#ies-platforms\">Platforms &amp; Cases<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"#ies-methods\">Research Methods<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"#ies-publications\">Featured Research<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"#ies-applications\">Applications<\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <button class=\"cpse-ies-menu__open\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Open page navigation\">\r\n      <span>On this page<\/span>\r\n      <span class=\"cpse-ies-menu__bars\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span>\r\n    <\/button>\r\n  <\/nav>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57f6a43 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-5d83559 \" data-id=\"57f6a43\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"57f6a43\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-092f66f elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"092f66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 4 \u2014 RESEARCH OVERVIEW\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-ies-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-ies-section\" id=\"ies-overview\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-ies-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-heading\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-ies-kicker\">Research overview<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-ies-title cpse-ies-title--small\">From power conversion to system intelligence<\/h2>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-overview\">\r\n        <p class=\"cpse-ies-overview__statement\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          Intelligent energy research connects physical power systems with\r\n          measurement, communication, forecasting and advanced control.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-ies-overview__copy\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <p>\r\n This research area covers grid-connected photovoltaic control, modular smart-grid platforms, industrial energy forecasting and intelligent supervision.\r\n\r\n          <\/p>\r\n\r\n          <p>\r\n            These themes combine electrical engineering, automation, optimization\r\n            and machine learning to improve how energy systems are monitored,\r\n            coordinated and protected under changing operating conditions.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-ies-evidence\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <article class=\"cpse-ies-evidence__item\">\r\n            <span>Physical systems<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Renewable generation, converters, storage and loads<\/strong>\r\n          <\/article>\r\n\r\n          <article class=\"cpse-ies-evidence__item\">\r\n            <span>Digital layer<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Sensing, communications, supervision and data<\/strong>\r\n          <\/article>\r\n\r\n          <article class=\"cpse-ies-evidence__item\">\r\n            <span>Intelligence<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Forecasting, optimization, control and resilience<\/strong>\r\n          <\/article>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed5509f e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-d84d8de \" data-id=\"ed5509f\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"ed5509f\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e72b55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"0e72b55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 5 \u2014 INTERACTIVE RESEARCH THEMES\r\n     None is open on page load.\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-ies-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-ies-section cpse-ies-section--soft\" id=\"ies-themes\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-ies-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-heading\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-ies-kicker\">Research themes<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-ies-title cpse-ies-title--small\">Five connected directions<\/h2>\r\n        <p class=\"cpse-ies-intro\">\r\nThese themes synthesize recurring subjects across the cited energy-system publications. Together, they describe connected research directions rather than administrative units.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-themes\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-ies-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-ies-theme__index\">01<\/span>\r\n            <h3>Grid-Connected Renewable Energy<\/h3>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-ies-theme__toggle\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-ies-theme__body\">\r\n            <p>\r\n              Research examines the control and stability of renewable generation\r\n              connected to electrical networks, including laboratory implementation\r\n              of advanced control for photovoltaic conversion systems.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-ies-tags\">\r\n              <span>Grid-connected PV<\/span>\r\n              <span>Power conversion<\/span>\r\n              <span>Grid stability<\/span>\r\n              <span>Advanced control<\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-ies-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-ies-theme__index\">02<\/span>\r\n            <h3>Smart Grids and Hybrid Energy Architectures<\/h3>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-ies-theme__toggle\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-ies-theme__body\">\r\n            <p>\r\n              Modular smart-grid architectures coordinate renewable sources,\r\n              storage technologies and electrical loads while supporting flexible\r\n              experimentation with different energy configurations.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-ies-tags\">\r\n              <span>Smart grids<\/span>\r\n              <span>Hybrid sources<\/span>\r\n              <span>Storage integration<\/span>\r\n              <span>Flexible loads<\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-ies-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-ies-theme__index\">03<\/span>\r\n            <h3>Energy Forecasting and Optimization<\/h3>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-ies-theme__toggle\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-ies-theme__body\">\r\n            <p>\r\n              Data-driven models are compared and developed to forecast energy\r\n              consumption, support operational planning and improve decisions in\r\n              complex industrial energy environments.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-ies-tags\">\r\n              <span>Load forecasting<\/span>\r\n              <span>Machine learning<\/span>\r\n              <span>Optimization<\/span>\r\n              <span>Decision support<\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-ies-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-ies-theme__index\">04<\/span>\r\n            <h3>Monitoring, Automation and Supervisory Control<\/h3>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-ies-theme__toggle\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-ies-theme__body\">\r\n            <p>\r\n              Research platforms integrate sensing, programmable controllers,\r\n              supervisory systems and interoperable communications to observe and\r\n              coordinate energy flows in real time.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-ies-tags\">\r\n              <span>SCADA<\/span>\r\n              <span>PLC control<\/span>\r\n              <span>OPC UA<\/span>\r\n              <span>Remote monitoring<\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-ies-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-ies-theme__index\">05<\/span>\r\n            <h3>Fault Intelligence, Resilience and Cybersecurity<\/h3>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-ies-theme__toggle\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-ies-theme__body\">\r\n            <p>\r\n              Intelligent energy management also addresses abnormal operation,\r\n              fault classification and cyber-physical threats so that monitoring\r\n              and control remain dependable under disturbed conditions.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-ies-tags\">\r\n              <span>Fault classification<\/span>\r\n              <span>Anomaly detection<\/span>\r\n              <span>False-data injection<\/span>\r\n              <span>System resilience<\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5384ff0 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-632cb23 \" data-id=\"5384ff0\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"5384ff0\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3011f88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3011f88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 6 \u2014 INTEGRATED ENERGY-SYSTEM CHAIN\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-ies-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-ies-section cpse-ies-section--dark\" id=\"ies-system\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-ies-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-heading\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-ies-kicker\">Integrated system<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-ies-title cpse-ies-title--small\">Turning energy flows into informed decisions<\/h2>\r\n        <p class=\"cpse-ies-intro\">\r\n          Intelligent operation emerges from the continuous connection between\r\n          physical assets, measurements, models and control actions.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-flow\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-flow__step\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-ies-flow__number\">STAGE 01<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Energy Sources<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Renewable and conventional sources supplying a configurable electrical system.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-flow__step\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-ies-flow__number\">STAGE 02<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Conversion and Storage<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Power conversion and storage technologies shape and balance energy flows.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-flow__step\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-ies-flow__number\">STAGE 03<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Measurement<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Sensors and metering systems create reliable operational data.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-flow__step\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-ies-flow__number\">STAGE 04<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Prediction<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Forecasting and optimization anticipate demand and operating conditions.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-flow__step\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-ies-flow__number\">STAGE 05<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Intelligent Control<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Supervisory decisions coordinate the system while managing faults and risks.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-794c630 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-8a2b5da \" data-id=\"794c630\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"794c630\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9a1b51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"e9a1b51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 7 \u2014 DOCUMENTED PLATFORMS AND CASE STUDIES\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-ies-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-ies-section\" id=\"ies-platforms\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-ies-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-heading\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-ies-kicker\">Experimental research<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-ies-title cpse-ies-title--small\">Documented platforms and case studies<\/h2>\r\n        <p class=\"cpse-ies-intro\">\r\n\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-grid cpse-ies-grid--3\">\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-card\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-ies-card__label\">Modular experimentation<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Smart Grid Test Bench<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            A configurable architecture combining renewable sources, storage,\r\n            loads, monitoring and control to investigate intelligent energy\r\n            management under multiple operating scenarios.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-card\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-ies-card__label\">Hardware validation<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Grid-Connected PV Control Prototype<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            A laboratory-scale implementation used to evaluate practical and\r\n            cost-conscious advanced control of photovoltaic systems connected\r\n            to an electrical grid.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-card\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-ies-card__label\">Industrial case study<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Experimental Mine Energy Forecasting<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            Operational consumption data from an experimental open-pit mine\r\n            provides a case for comparing forecasting algorithms and supporting\r\n            industrial energy-management decisions.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce5a1fa e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-a4faf5f \" data-id=\"ce5a1fa\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"ce5a1fa\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87cd750 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"87cd750\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 8 \u2014 RESEARCH METHODS\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-ies-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-ies-section cpse-ies-section--soft\" id=\"ies-methods\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-ies-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-heading\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-ies-kicker\">Research methods<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-ies-title cpse-ies-title--small\">A multidisciplinary engineering approach<\/h2>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-methods\">\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-method\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <h3>Modeling and Simulation<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Mathematical and computational representations of sources, converters, storage, grids and loads.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-method\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <h3>Experimental Prototyping<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Laboratory hardware and configurable benches used to validate control and management strategies.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-method\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <h3>Forecasting and Machine Learning<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Data-driven models for consumption prediction, operating-state analysis and decision support.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-method\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <h3>Optimization and Control<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Algorithms that coordinate physical assets while respecting system performance and operating constraints.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-method\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <h3>Industrial Communication<\/h3>\r\n          <p>SCADA, PLC and interoperable communication technologies for supervision and real-time control.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-method\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <h3>Fault and Security Analysis<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Classification, anomaly detection and cyber-physical testing for more dependable energy systems.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bbfa38 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-16ee891 \" data-id=\"6bbfa38\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"6bbfa38\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3426a30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3426a30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 9 \u2014 FEATURED GTI-AFFILIATED RESEARCH\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-ies-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-ies-section\" id=\"ies-publications\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-ies-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-heading\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-ies-title cpse-ies-title--small\">Featured publications<\/h2>\r\n        <p class=\"cpse-ies-intro\">\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-papers\">\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-paper\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-ies-paper__visual\">Smart grids \u00b7 2022<\/div>\r\n          <h3>Smart Energy Management System: Design of a Smart Grid Test Bench for Educational Purposes<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            A modular architecture joining hybrid sources, storage, loads,\r\n            industrial communication, forecasting, optimization and fault analysis.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n          <a class=\"cpse-ies-paper__link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15072702\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\r\n            Explore the paper \u2197\r\n          <\/a>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-paper\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-ies-paper__visual\">Energy forecasting \u00b7 2022<\/div>\r\n          <h3>Smart Energy Management: A Comparative Study of Energy Consumption Forecasting Algorithms<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            A comparison of forecasting approaches using an experimental\r\n            open-pit mine as a real industrial energy-management case study.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n          <a class=\"cpse-ies-paper__link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en15134569\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\r\n            Explore the paper \u2197\r\n          <\/a>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-paper\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-ies-paper__visual\">PV control \u00b7 2024<\/div>\r\n          <h3>Enhancing Grid Stability and Efficiency: Cost-Effective Hardware Implementation for Advanced Control of Grid-Connected PV Systems<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            A laboratory hardware implementation investigating practical control\r\n            strategies for the stability and efficiency of grid-connected photovoltaics.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n          <a class=\"cpse-ies-paper__link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18280\/jesa.570506\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\r\n            Explore the paper \u2197\r\n          <\/a>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6966d0 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-de9443c \" data-id=\"b6966d0\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"b6966d0\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb8197d elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"fb8197d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 10 \u2014 APPLICATIONS AND IMPACT\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-ies-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-ies-section cpse-ies-section--soft\" id=\"ies-applications\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-ies-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-heading\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-ies-kicker\">Applications and impact<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-ies-title cpse-ies-title--small\">Where intelligent energy research can contribute<\/h2>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-ies-applications\">\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-application\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <span>01<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Renewable Grid Integration<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Control and coordination approaches supporting variable renewable production connected to electrical networks.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-application\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <span>02<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Grid Stability<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Experimental validation of control strategies that improve system behavior under changing grid conditions.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-application\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <span>03<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Industrial Energy Management<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Monitoring and forecasting methods supporting energy-intensive industrial operations and planning.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-application\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <span>04<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Smart Microgrids<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Configurable architectures integrating sources, storage, loads, communication and supervisory intelligence.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-application\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <span>05<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Predictive Operations<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Forecasting and optimization tools that convert operational data into earlier and better decisions.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-ies-application\" data-ies-reveal>\r\n          <span>06<\/span>\r\n  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