{"id":1330,"date":"2026-07-22T15:02:33","date_gmt":"2026-07-22T15:02:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/?page_id=1330"},"modified":"2026-07-23T11:07:09","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T11:07:09","slug":"electric-powertrains-and-intelligent-mobility","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/?page_id=1330","title":{"rendered":"Electric Powertrains and Intelligent Mobility"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1330\" class=\"elementor elementor-1330\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca4087d e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-9f715c8 \" data-id=\"ca4087d\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"ca4087d\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-166d9ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"166d9ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 1 -- SHARED STYLES\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<style>\r\n@import url(\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;500;600;700;800&display=swap\");\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-page {\r\n  --epim-navy: #071633;\r\n  --epim-navy-2: #10264d;\r\n  --epim-orange: #c95637;\r\n  --epim-white: #ffffff;\r\n  --epim-soft: #f5f6f8;\r\n  --epim-line: #dfe3e9;\r\n  --epim-text: #465064;\r\n  --epim-shadow: 0 22px 55px rgba(7, 22, 51, .11);\r\n  color: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", Arial, sans-serif;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-page,\r\n.cpse-epim-page * {\r\n  box-sizing: border-box;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-page img {\r\n  max-width: 100%;\r\n  display: block;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-page a {\r\n  color: inherit;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-section {\r\n  padding: 100px 24px;\r\n  scroll-margin-top: 110px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-section--soft {\r\n  background: var(--epim-soft);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-section--dark {\r\n  background: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  color: var(--epim-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-shell {\r\n  width: min(1240px, 100%);\r\n  margin: 0 auto;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-heading {\r\n  max-width: 920px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 48px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-kicker {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 15px;\r\n  color: var(--epim-orange);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.7px;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-kicker::before {\r\n  width: 38px;\r\n  height: 2px;\r\n  background: currentColor;\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-title {\r\n  margin: 0 0 20px;\r\n  color: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  font-size: clamp(35px, 4.5vw, 61px);\r\n  line-height: 1.08;\r\n  letter-spacing: -2px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-title--small {\r\n  font-size: clamp(32px, 3.7vw, 50px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-section--dark .cpse-epim-title {\r\n  color: var(--epim-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-intro {\r\n  max-width: 860px;\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--epim-text);\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n  line-height: 1.8;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-section--dark .cpse-epim-intro {\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .74);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-btn {\r\n  min-height: 58px;\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 17px;\r\n  padding: 9px 10px 9px 25px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--epim-orange);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--epim-orange);\r\n  color: #fff !important;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease, background .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-btn:hover {\r\n  background: #b9482f;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 15px 30px rgba(201, 86, 55, .28);\r\n  transform: translateY(-3px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-btn__arrow {\r\n  width: 40px;\r\n  height: 40px;\r\n  flex: 0 0 40px;\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: center;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  color: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-btn:hover .cpse-epim-btn__arrow {\r\n  transform: translate(2px, -2px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Hero *\/\r\n#cpse-epim-hero {\r\n  width: 100vw;\r\n  min-height: clamp(720px, 86vh, 900px);\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  isolation: isolate;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  margin-left: calc(50% - 50vw);\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  background: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n#cpse-epim-hero::before,\r\n#cpse-epim-hero::after {\r\n  display: none;\r\n  content: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-hero__image {\r\n  width: 100% !important;\r\n  height: 100% !important;\r\n  max-width: none !important;\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  inset: 0;\r\n  z-index: 0;\r\n  object-fit: cover;\r\n  object-position: center center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-hero__overlay {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  inset: 0;\r\n  z-index: 1;\r\n  background:\r\n    linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(3, 13, 34, .97) 0%, rgba(3, 13, 34, .88) 29%, rgba(3, 13, 34, .48) 53%, rgba(3, 13, 34, .08) 100%),\r\n    linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(3, 13, 34, .45) 0%, transparent 42%);\r\n  pointer-events: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-hero__inner {\r\n  width: min(1320px, calc(100% - 48px));\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  z-index: 2;\r\n  margin: auto;\r\n  padding: 100px 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-hero__content {\r\n  max-width: 790px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-hero .cpse-epim-kicker {\r\n  color: #f08162;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-hero h1 {\r\n  max-width: 790px;\r\n  margin: 0 0 27px;\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  font-size: clamp(48px, 6.5vw, 88px);\r\n  line-height: 1;\r\n  letter-spacing: -4px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-hero__lead {\r\n  max-width: 730px;\r\n  margin: 0 0 35px;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .84);\r\n  font-size: clamp(17px, 1.6vw, 21px);\r\n  line-height: 1.75;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-hero__actions,\r\n.cpse-epim-hero__facts {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  gap: 13px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-hero__facts {\r\n  gap: 10px;\r\n  margin-top: 30px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-hero__fact {\r\n  padding: 10px 14px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .23);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: rgba(6, 20, 47, .46);\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .88);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-scroll {\r\n  width: 34px;\r\n  height: 56px;\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  z-index: 3;\r\n  bottom: 25px;\r\n  left: 50%;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .48);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-scroll::after {\r\n  width: 5px;\r\n  height: 9px;\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: 11px;\r\n  left: 50%;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--epim-orange);\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n  transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n  animation: epimScroll 1.8s ease-in-out infinite;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Floating menu *\/\r\n.cpse-epim-menu {\r\n  position: fixed;\r\n  z-index: 9994;\r\n  top: 50%;\r\n  right: 22px;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", Arial, sans-serif;\r\n  transform: translateY(-50%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__panel {\r\n  width: 305px;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(7, 22, 51, .11);\r\n  border-radius: 24px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 24px 60px rgba(7, 22, 51, .2);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__head {\r\n  min-height: 76px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n  gap: 15px;\r\n  padding: 18px 18px 18px 23px;\r\n  background: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__head span {\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__close {\r\n  width: 40px;\r\n  height: 40px;\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  flex: 0 0 40px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .25);\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: transparent;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__close::before,\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__close::after {\r\n  width: 15px;\r\n  height: 2px;\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: 50%;\r\n  left: 50%;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__close::before {\r\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(45deg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__close::after {\r\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(-45deg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__links {\r\n  max-height: 58vh;\r\n  overflow-y: auto;\r\n  padding: 10px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__links a {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n  gap: 13px;\r\n  padding: 14px 13px;\r\n  border-radius: 13px;\r\n  color: var(--epim-navy) !important;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  transition: color .2s ease, background .2s ease, padding .2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__links a::after {\r\n  color: var(--epim-orange);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n  content: \"\\203A\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__links a:hover,\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__links a.is-active {\r\n  padding-left: 18px;\r\n  background: #f5ebe7;\r\n  color: var(--epim-orange) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__open {\r\n  min-height: 64px;\r\n  display: none;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 14px;\r\n  padding: 10px 12px 10px 22px;\r\n  border: 0;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  font-family: inherit;\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 16px 38px rgba(7, 22, 51, .23);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__bars {\r\n  width: 42px;\r\n  height: 42px;\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  flex-direction: column;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: center;\r\n  gap: 5px;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu__bars i {\r\n  width: 16px;\r\n  height: 2px;\r\n  display: block;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu.is-closed .cpse-epim-menu__panel {\r\n  display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-menu.is-closed .cpse-epim-menu__open {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Overview *\/\r\n.cpse-epim-overview {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1.05fr .95fr;\r\n  gap: 72px;\r\n  align-items: start;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-overview__statement {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  font-size: clamp(25px, 3vw, 40px);\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n  line-height: 1.38;\r\n  letter-spacing: -1px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-overview__copy p {\r\n  margin: 0 0 20px;\r\n  color: var(--epim-text);\r\n  font-size: 16px;\r\n  line-height: 1.85;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-evidence {\r\n  grid-column: 1 \/ -1;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);\r\n  gap: 18px;\r\n  margin-top: 4px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-evidence__item {\r\n  padding: 26px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--epim-line);\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-evidence__item span {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 9px;\r\n  color: var(--epim-orange);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.3px;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-evidence__item strong {\r\n  color: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n  line-height: 1.4;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Themes accordion *\/\r\n.cpse-epim-themes {\r\n  border-top: 1px solid var(--epim-line);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-theme {\r\n  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--epim-line);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-theme summary {\r\n  min-height: 108px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 66px minmax(0, 1fr) 46px;\r\n  gap: 20px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  padding: 20px 7px;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  list-style: none;\r\n  transition: padding .25s ease, color .25s ease, background .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-theme summary::-webkit-details-marker {\r\n  display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-theme summary:hover,\r\n.cpse-epim-theme[open] summary {\r\n  padding-right: 20px;\r\n  padding-left: 20px;\r\n  background: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-theme__index {\r\n  color: var(--epim-orange);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-theme h3 {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: inherit;\r\n  font-size: clamp(21px, 2.4vw, 31px);\r\n  line-height: 1.3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-theme__toggle {\r\n  width: 40px;\r\n  height: 40px;\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  border: 1px solid currentColor;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-theme__toggle::before,\r\n.cpse-epim-theme__toggle::after {\r\n  width: 14px;\r\n  height: 2px;\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: 50%;\r\n  left: 50%;\r\n  background: currentColor;\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-theme__toggle::after {\r\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(90deg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-theme[open] .cpse-epim-theme__toggle::after {\r\n  transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(0);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-theme__body {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1.15fr .85fr;\r\n  gap: 34px;\r\n  padding: 31px 24px 42px 93px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-theme__body p {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--epim-text);\r\n  font-size: 15px;\r\n  line-height: 1.8;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-tags {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  align-content: flex-start;\r\n  gap: 8px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-tags span {\r\n  padding: 9px 12px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--epim-line);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--epim-soft);\r\n  color: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Powertrain chain *\/\r\n.cpse-epim-flow {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(5, 1fr);\r\n  gap: 15px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-flow__step {\r\n  min-height: 245px;\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  padding: 28px 23px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .15);\r\n  border-radius: 21px;\r\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .055);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-flow__step:not(:last-child)::after {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  z-index: 2;\r\n  top: 50%;\r\n  right: -23px;\r\n  color: var(--epim-orange);\r\n  font-size: 28px;\r\n  content: \"\\2192\";\r\n  transform: translateY(-50%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-flow__number {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 34px;\r\n  color: #f08162;\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.3px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-flow h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 12px;\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-flow p {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .66);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Cards *\/\r\n.cpse-epim-grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 21px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-grid--3 {\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-card {\r\n  min-height: 285px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-direction: column;\r\n  padding: 32px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--epim-line);\r\n  border-radius: 22px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  transition: transform .28s ease, box-shadow .28s ease, border-color .28s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-card:hover {\r\n  border-color: rgba(201, 86, 55, .43);\r\n  box-shadow: var(--epim-shadow);\r\n  transform: translateY(-6px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-card__label {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 28px;\r\n  color: var(--epim-orange);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.25px;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-card h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 15px;\r\n  color: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  font-size: 22px;\r\n  line-height: 1.35;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-card p {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--epim-text);\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  line-height: 1.75;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Methods *\/\r\n.cpse-epim-methods {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);\r\n  gap: 17px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-method {\r\n  min-height: 205px;\r\n  padding: 28px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--epim-line);\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-method::before {\r\n  width: 44px;\r\n  height: 4px;\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 27px;\r\n  border-radius: 99px;\r\n  background: var(--epim-orange);\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-method h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 11px;\r\n  color: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-method p {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--epim-text);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Papers *\/\r\n.cpse-epim-papers {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n  gap: 21px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-paper {\r\n  min-height: 390px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-direction: column;\r\n  padding: 32px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--epim-line);\r\n  border-radius: 22px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n  transition: transform .28s ease, box-shadow .28s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-paper:hover {\r\n  box-shadow: var(--epim-shadow);\r\n  transform: translateY(-6px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-paper__visual {\r\n  min-height: 128px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: flex-end;\r\n  margin: -16px -16px 27px;\r\n  padding: 20px;\r\n  border-radius: 16px;\r\n  background:\r\n    linear-gradient(145deg, rgba(16, 38, 77, .2), rgba(7, 22, 51, .94)),\r\n    repeating-linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 0 24px, rgba(255, 255, 255, .06) 24px 25px),\r\n    var(--epim-navy);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.2px;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-paper h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 15px;\r\n  color: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  font-size: 19px;\r\n  line-height: 1.5;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-paper p {\r\n  margin: 0 0 23px;\r\n  color: var(--epim-text);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  line-height: 1.72;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-paper__link {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 8px;\r\n  margin-top: auto;\r\n  color: var(--epim-orange) !important;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-paper__link:hover {\r\n  text-decoration: underline !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Applications *\/\r\n.cpse-epim-applications {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);\r\n  gap: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-application {\r\n  min-height: 215px;\r\n  padding: 29px;\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-application span {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 25px;\r\n  color: var(--epim-orange);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 1.2px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-application h3 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 11px;\r\n  color: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  font-size: 19px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-application p {\r\n  margin: 0;\r\n  color: var(--epim-text);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* CTA *\/\r\n.cpse-epim-cta {\r\n  padding: clamp(46px, 7vw, 84px);\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border-radius: 32px;\r\n  background: var(--epim-navy);\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-cta::after {\r\n  width: 370px;\r\n  height: 370px;\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: -215px;\r\n  right: -85px;\r\n  border: 68px solid rgba(201, 86, 55, .25);\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-cta__content {\r\n  max-width: 820px;\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  z-index: 2;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-cta h2 {\r\n  margin: 0 0 19px;\r\n  color: #fff;\r\n  font-size: clamp(36px, 5vw, 64px);\r\n  line-height: 1.08;\r\n  letter-spacing: -2px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-cta p {\r\n  max-width: 760px;\r\n  margin: 0 0 30px;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .75);\r\n  font-size: 16px;\r\n  line-height: 1.75;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-cta__actions {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  gap: 13px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Reveal animation *\/\r\n.cpse-epim-js [data-epim-reveal] {\r\n  opacity: 0;\r\n  transform: translateY(32px);\r\n  transition: opacity .8s ease, transform .8s cubic-bezier(.2, .75, .25, 1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-epim-js [data-epim-reveal].is-visible {\r\n  opacity: 1;\r\n  transform: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n@keyframes epimScroll {\r\n  0% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, 0); }\r\n  40% { opacity: 1; }\r\n  100% { opacity: 0; transform: translate(-50%, 22px); }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 1050px) {\r\n  .cpse-epim-flow {\r\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-flow__step:not(:last-child)::after {\r\n    display: none;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-grid--3,\r\n  .cpse-epim-applications,\r\n  .cpse-epim-methods {\r\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n  .cpse-epim-section {\r\n    padding: 72px 20px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-title {\r\n    letter-spacing: -1.2px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  #cpse-epim-hero {\r\n    min-height: 790px;\r\n    align-items: flex-end;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-hero__image {\r\n    object-position: 68% center;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-hero__overlay {\r\n    background: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(3, 13, 34, .99) 0%, rgba(3, 13, 34, .93) 48%, rgba(3, 13, 34, .35) 100%);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-hero__inner {\r\n    width: calc(100% - 40px);\r\n    padding: 120px 0 72px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-hero h1 {\r\n    font-size: clamp(39px, 11.4vw, 59px);\r\n    letter-spacing: -2.4px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-hero__actions {\r\n    flex-direction: column;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-btn {\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    justify-content: space-between;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-hero__facts,\r\n  .cpse-epim-scroll {\r\n    display: none;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-overview,\r\n  .cpse-epim-theme__body {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-evidence,\r\n  .cpse-epim-methods,\r\n  .cpse-epim-applications,\r\n  .cpse-epim-grid--3,\r\n  .cpse-epim-papers,\r\n  .cpse-epim-flow {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-theme summary {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 40px minmax(0, 1fr) 40px;\r\n    gap: 11px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-theme__body {\r\n    padding: 27px 18px 36px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-flow__step {\r\n    min-height: auto;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-menu {\r\n    top: auto;\r\n    right: 12px;\r\n    bottom: 12px;\r\n    transform: none;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-menu__panel {\r\n    width: min(330px, calc(100vw - 24px));\r\n    max-height: calc(100vh - 125px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-menu__links {\r\n    max-height: calc(100vh - 220px);\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {\r\n  .cpse-epim-page *,\r\n  .cpse-epim-page *::before,\r\n  .cpse-epim-page *::after {\r\n    scroll-behavior: auto !important;\r\n    animation: none !important;\r\n    transition-duration: .01ms !important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-epim-js [data-epim-reveal] {\r\n    opacity: 1;\r\n    transform: none;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d9e8db e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-1d92fec \" data-id=\"5d9e8db\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"5d9e8db\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66f38ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"66f38ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 2 -- HERO\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-epim-page\">\r\n  <section id=\"cpse-epim-hero\" class=\"cpse-epim-hero\" aria-labelledby=\"cpse-epim-hero-title\">\r\n    <img\r\n      class=\"cpse-epim-hero__image\"\r\n      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/hero_electric_powertrains_intelligent_mobility.png\"\r\n      alt=\"\"\r\n      fetchpriority=\"high\"\r\n      decoding=\"async\"\r\n    >\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-epim-hero__overlay\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-epim-hero__inner\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-hero__content\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-epim-kicker\">CPSE Research<\/span>\r\n\r\n        <h1 id=\"cpse-epim-hero-title\">Electric Powertrains and Intelligent Mobility<\/h1>\r\n\r\n        <p class=\"cpse-epim-hero__lead\">\r\n          Researching electric traction, model-based powertrain development,\r\n          intelligent diagnostics and digital-twin technologies for more\r\n          reliable, efficient and connected electric mobility.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-epim-hero__actions\">\r\n          <a class=\"cpse-epim-btn\" href=\"#epim-themes\">\r\n            Explore the research\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-btn__arrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">&nearr;<\/span>\r\n          <\/a>\r\n\r\n          <a class=\"cpse-epim-btn\" href=\"#epim-publications\">\r\n            Featured publications\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-btn__arrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">&nearr;<\/span>\r\n          <\/a>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-epim-hero__facts\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-epim-hero__fact\">Electric traction<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-epim-hero__fact\">Powertrain test benches<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-epim-hero__fact\">AI health monitoring<\/span>\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-epim-hero__fact\">Digital twins<\/span>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <a class=\"cpse-epim-scroll\" href=\"#epim-overview\" aria-label=\"Scroll to research overview\"><\/a>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff95643 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-2f20ff8 \" data-id=\"ff95643\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"ff95643\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-627a459 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"627a459\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 3 -- FLOATING ON-PAGE MENU\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-epim-page\">\r\n  <nav class=\"cpse-epim-menu\" aria-label=\"Electric powertrains page navigation\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-epim-menu__panel\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-menu__head\">\r\n        <span>On this page<\/span>\r\n        <button class=\"cpse-epim-menu__close\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Close page navigation\"><\/button>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-menu__links\">\r\n        <a href=\"#epim-overview\">Overview<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"#epim-themes\">Research themes<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"#epim-architecture\">Powertrain intelligence loop<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"#epim-platforms\">Documented platforms<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"#epim-methods\">Research methods<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"#epim-publications\">Featured publications<\/a>\r\n        <a href=\"#epim-applications\">Applications and impact<\/a>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <button class=\"cpse-epim-menu__open\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Open page navigation\">\r\n      <span>On this page<\/span>\r\n      <span class=\"cpse-epim-menu__bars\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><i><\/i><i><\/i><i><\/i><\/span>\r\n    <\/button>\r\n  <\/nav>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6614a9c e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-d8d7372 \" data-id=\"6614a9c\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"6614a9c\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-881d877 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"881d877\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 4 -- RESEARCH OVERVIEW\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-epim-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-epim-section\" id=\"epim-overview\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-epim-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-heading\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-epim-kicker\">Research overview<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-epim-title\">From physical powertrains to intelligent vehicle health<\/h2>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-overview\">\r\n        <p class=\"cpse-epim-overview__statement\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          The research connects electric machines, power electronics, control,\r\n          sensing and data-driven intelligence across the powertrain lifecycle.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-epim-overview__copy\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <p>\r\n            CPSE research in electric powertrains combines model-based system design with adaptable test benches to advance control, energy management, diagnostics and prognostics.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n          <\/p>\r\nResearchers also develop distributed digital twins and experimentally validated machine-learning methods for traction-motor fault diagnosis and intelligent powertrain health management.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-epim-evidence\">\r\n          <article class=\"cpse-epim-evidence__item\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n            <span>Physical systems<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Electric machines, inverters, storage and drivetrain loads<\/strong>\r\n          <\/article>\r\n\r\n          <article class=\"cpse-epim-evidence__item\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n            <span>Digital engineering<\/span>\r\n            <strong>MBSE, SysML, simulation and distributed digital twins<\/strong>\r\n          <\/article>\r\n\r\n          <article class=\"cpse-epim-evidence__item\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n            <span>Vehicle intelligence<\/span>\r\n            <strong>Fault detection, diagnosis, prognostics and health management<\/strong>\r\n          <\/article>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d18740a e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-e827d7a \" data-id=\"d18740a\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"d18740a\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08dc2a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"08dc2a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 5 -- INTERACTIVE RESEARCH THEMES\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-epim-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-epim-section cpse-epim-section--soft\" id=\"epim-themes\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-epim-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-heading\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-epim-kicker\">Research themes<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-epim-title cpse-epim-title--small\">Engineering the powertrain as an intelligent system<\/h2>\r\n        <p class=\"cpse-epim-intro\">\r\n          Select a theme to explore how physical components, engineering models,\r\n          experimental data and intelligent algorithms are connected.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-themes\">\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-epim-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-theme__index\">01<\/span>\r\n            <h3>Electric Traction and Powertrain Architectures<\/h3>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-theme__toggle\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-epim-theme__body\">\r\n            <p>\r\n              Research considers the complete electric traction chain, including\r\n              energy storage, electronic drives, electric machines and simulated\r\n              vehicle dynamics, so component behavior can be evaluated as part\r\n              of an integrated powertrain.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-epim-tags\">\r\n              <span>Traction motors<\/span><span>Inverters<\/span><span>Energy storage<\/span><span>Vehicle dynamics<\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-epim-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-theme__index\">02<\/span>\r\n            <h3>Model-Based Systems Engineering<\/h3>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-theme__toggle\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-epim-theme__body\">\r\n            <p>\r\n              MBSE and SysML organize requirements, interfaces, operating\r\n              scenarios and lifecycle decisions for complex powertrain platforms.\r\n              This structured approach supports traceability from system needs\r\n              through design, verification and future reconfiguration.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-epim-tags\">\r\n              <span>MBSE<\/span><span>SysML<\/span><span>System architecture<\/span><span>Lifecycle engineering<\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-epim-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-theme__index\">03<\/span>\r\n            <h3>Control and Energy Management<\/h3>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-theme__toggle\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-epim-theme__body\">\r\n            <p>\r\n              Powertrain models and adaptable test environments create a basis\r\n              for developing and evaluating motor control, power-conversion and\r\n              energy-management strategies under reproducible operating scenarios.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-epim-tags\">\r\n              <span>Motor control<\/span><span>Power conversion<\/span><span>Energy management<\/span><span>Real-time testing<\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-epim-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-theme__index\">04<\/span>\r\n            <h3>Fault Diagnosis and Predictive Maintenance<\/h3>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-theme__toggle\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-epim-theme__body\">\r\n            <p>\r\n              Vibration measurements and multi-domain signal features are used\r\n              with machine-learning classifiers to distinguish healthy and faulty\r\n              traction-motor conditions and support earlier maintenance decisions.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-epim-tags\">\r\n              <span>Vibration analysis<\/span><span>Fault classification<\/span><span>Machine learning<\/span><span>Predictive maintenance<\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-epim-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-theme__index\">05<\/span>\r\n            <h3>Digital Twins and Prognostics<\/h3>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-theme__toggle\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-epim-theme__body\">\r\n            <p>\r\n              Distributed digital-twin architectures connect sensor information,\r\n              physical assets and intelligent models to support fault detection,\r\n              diagnosis, recovery and prognostic health management in autonomous\r\n              electric-vehicle powertrains.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-epim-tags\">\r\n              <span>Digital twins<\/span><span>Sensor fusion<\/span><span>Prognostics<\/span><span>Health management<\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n\r\n        <details class=\"cpse-epim-theme\">\r\n          <summary>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-theme__index\">06<\/span>\r\n            <h3>Experimental Validation and Intelligent Mobility<\/h3>\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-epim-theme__toggle\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/span>\r\n          <\/summary>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-epim-theme__body\">\r\n            <p>\r\n              Configurable physical benches, simulated operating conditions and\r\n              real sensor data provide a pathway from algorithms to validated\r\n              vehicle-health functions, supporting safer and more dependable\r\n              electric mobility systems.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n            <div class=\"cpse-epim-tags\">\r\n              <span>Test benches<\/span><span>Experimental data<\/span><span>Embedded diagnosis<\/span><span>Mobility reliability<\/span>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/details>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca4102d e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-3e8106b \" data-id=\"ca4102d\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"ca4102d\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2413fc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2413fc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 6 -- POWERTRAIN INTELLIGENCE LOOP\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-epim-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-epim-section cpse-epim-section--dark\" id=\"epim-architecture\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-epim-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-heading\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-epim-kicker\">Integrated architecture<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-epim-title cpse-epim-title--small\">From electrical energy to intelligent decisions<\/h2>\r\n        <p class=\"cpse-epim-intro\">\r\n          Powertrain intelligence emerges when the physical energy-conversion\r\n          chain is continuously connected to measurement, models and health decisions.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-flow\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-flow__step\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-epim-flow__number\">STAGE 01<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Energy Storage<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Electrical energy is supplied under changing state, load and operating constraints.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-flow__step\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-epim-flow__number\">STAGE 02<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Power Conversion<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Inverters and electronic drives regulate energy delivered to the traction machine.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-flow__step\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-epim-flow__number\">STAGE 03<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Electric Traction<\/h3>\r\n          <p>The motor and drivetrain convert electrical energy into controlled vehicle motion.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-flow__step\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-epim-flow__number\">STAGE 04<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Sensing and Models<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Measurements and digital representations track component and system behavior.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-flow__step\">\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-epim-flow__number\">STAGE 05<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Health Intelligence<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Diagnosis and prognostics support control, maintenance and dependable mobility.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cca8a61 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-1bc0017 \" data-id=\"cca8a61\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"cca8a61\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c35e0f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"c35e0f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 7 -- DOCUMENTED PLATFORMS AND VALIDATION SETTINGS\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-epim-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-epim-section\" id=\"epim-platforms\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-epim-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-heading\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-epim-kicker\">Experimental research<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-epim-title cpse-epim-title--small\">Documented platforms and validation settings<\/h2>\r\n        <p class=\"cpse-epim-intro\">\r\nCPSE explores electric powertrains through configurable test benches, model-based engineering frameworks and experimental motor-health validation. These environments connect physical testing, digital engineering and data-driven diagnostics throughout the powertrain lifecycle.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-grid cpse-epim-grid--3\">\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-card\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-epim-card__label\">Configurable hardware<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Electric Powertrain Test Bench<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            A modular concept combining energy storage, two inverters and two\r\n            electric machines, with one machine representing traction and the\r\n            other reproducing vehicle inertia and road-load behavior.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-card\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-epim-card__label\">Digital engineering<\/span>\r\n          <h3>MBSE Powertrain Architecture<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            A system-level framework organizes stakeholders, requirements,\r\n            interfaces, operating scenarios and lifecycle needs before physical\r\n            implementation and future expansion.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-card\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <span class=\"cpse-epim-card__label\">Experimental intelligence<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Traction-Motor Health Validation<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            Bench-mounted induction motors and real accelerometer signals are\r\n            used to compare machine-learning methods across healthy, bearing-fault\r\n            and static-eccentricity conditions.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8b759b e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-32ea16d \" data-id=\"b8b759b\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"b8b759b\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ce75ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1ce75ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 8 -- RESEARCH METHODS\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-epim-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-epim-section cpse-epim-section--soft\" id=\"epim-methods\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-epim-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-heading\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-epim-kicker\">Research methods<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-epim-title cpse-epim-title--small\">A cyber-physical engineering approach<\/h2>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-methods\">\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-method\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <h3>Systems Engineering<\/h3>\r\n          <p>MBSE and SysML capture requirements, interfaces, use cases and lifecycle decisions.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-method\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <h3>Powertrain Modeling<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Models connect energy storage, electronic drives, motors and longitudinal vehicle behavior.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-method\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <h3>Experimental Prototyping<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Configurable test benches support reproducible investigation of control and health-management scenarios.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-method\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <h3>Signal Processing<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Time-, frequency- and wavelet-domain features reveal patterns in vibration measurements.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-method\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <h3>Machine Learning<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Classifiers and feature-reduction methods are benchmarked for motor-fault identification.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-method\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <h3>Digital-Twin Architectures<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Distributed virtual representations connect physical assets, sensors and health intelligence.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cab4f97 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-2b6c608 \" data-id=\"cab4f97\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"cab4f97\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-452c69a elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"452c69a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 9 -- FEATURED GTI-AFFILIATED PUBLICATIONS\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-epim-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-epim-section\" id=\"epim-publications\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-epim-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-heading\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-epim-title cpse-epim-title--small\">Featured publications<\/h2>\r\n        <p class=\"cpse-epim-intro\">\r\n                <\/p>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-papers\">\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-paper\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-epim-paper__visual\">Powertrain architecture &middot; 2021<\/div>\r\n          <h3>Model-Based System Engineering Design of a Versatile Control Test Bench of an Electric Vehicle's Powertrain for Educational Purpose<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            An MBSE-based operational architecture for a versatile electric-traction\r\n            test bench, establishing a system framework for control, diagnosis and\r\n            future experimental implementation.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n          <a class=\"cpse-epim-paper__link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/GPECOM52585.2021.9586803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\r\n            Explore the paper &nearr;\r\n          <\/a>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-paper\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-epim-paper__visual\">Powertrain test bench &middot; 2022<\/div>\r\n          <h3>Design of a Customizable Test Bench of an Electric Vehicle Powertrain for Learning Purposes Using Model-Based System Engineering<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            A customizable, multidisciplinary powertrain-bench design supporting\r\n            physical and digital investigation of control, energy management,\r\n            diagnostics and prognostics.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n          <a class=\"cpse-epim-paper__link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su141710923\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\r\n            Explore the paper &nearr;\r\n          <\/a>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-paper\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-epim-paper__visual\">Digital twins &middot; 2024<\/div>\r\n          <h3>Toward an Intelligent Diagnosis and Prognostic Health Management System for Autonomous Electric Vehicle Powertrains<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            A distributed intelligent digital-twin architecture for fault detection,\r\n            diagnosis, recovery and prognostic health management across autonomous\r\n            electric-vehicle powertrains.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n          <a class=\"cpse-epim-paper__link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ACCESS.2024.3441517\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\r\n            Explore the paper &nearr;\r\n          <\/a>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-paper\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-epim-paper__visual\">AI motor health &middot; 2025<\/div>\r\n          <h3>AI-Driven Diagnosis and Health Management of Autonomous Electric Vehicle Powertrains: An Empirical Data-Driven Approach<\/h3>\r\n          <p>\r\n            Real vibration measurements, multi-domain features and supervised\r\n            machine learning are combined to classify induction-motor health\r\n            conditions for intelligent EV monitoring.\r\n          <\/p>\r\n          <a class=\"cpse-epim-paper__link\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rineng.2025.106157\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\r\n            Explore the paper &nearr;\r\n          <\/a>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecdd6b9 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-8dd7757 \" data-id=\"ecdd6b9\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"ecdd6b9\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c802d elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"87c802d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 10 -- APPLICATIONS AND IMPACT\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-epim-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-epim-section cpse-epim-section--soft\" id=\"epim-applications\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-epim-shell\">\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-heading\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-epim-kicker\">Applications and impact<\/span>\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-epim-title cpse-epim-title--small\">Where intelligent powertrain research can contribute<\/h2>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-epim-applications\">\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-application\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <span>01<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Electric Traction Development<\/h3>\r\n          <p>System-level investigation of motors, electronic drives and drivetrain behavior.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-application\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <span>02<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Powertrain Control<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Model-based evaluation of control and energy-management strategies under repeatable scenarios.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-application\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <span>03<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Predictive Maintenance<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Earlier identification of degradation to improve operational continuity and maintenance planning.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-application\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <span>04<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Autonomous EV Reliability<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Health intelligence designed to support safe, efficient and dependable autonomous powertrains.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-application\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <span>05<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Digital Validation<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Virtual and physical representations that connect design decisions with measured system behavior.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <article class=\"cpse-epim-application\" data-epim-reveal>\r\n          <span>06<\/span>\r\n          <h3>Advanced Engineering Training<\/h3>\r\n          <p>Multidisciplinary platforms linking electrical, mechanical, control and data-science expertise.<\/p>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4ad110 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-c2eef35 \" data-id=\"c4ad110\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"c4ad110\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f321308 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"f321308\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!-- =========================================================\r\n     WIDGET 12 -- INTERACTIONS AND SCROLL ANIMATIONS\r\n     Paste this as the final HTML widget on the page.\r\n     ========================================================= -->\r\n<script>\r\n(function () {\r\n  \"use strict\";\r\n\r\n  document.documentElement.classList.add(\"cpse-epim-js\");\r\n\r\n  function initEPIMPage() {\r\n    var reduceMotion = window.matchMedia(\"(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)\").matches;\r\n    var revealItems = document.querySelectorAll(\"[data-epim-reveal]\");\r\n\r\n    if (\"IntersectionObserver\" in window && !reduceMotion) {\r\n      var revealObserver = new IntersectionObserver(function (entries, observer) {\r\n        entries.forEach(function (entry) {\r\n          if (!entry.isIntersecting) 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