{"id":870,"date":"2026-07-16T10:15:52","date_gmt":"2026-07-16T10:15:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/?page_id=870"},"modified":"2026-07-22T10:06:26","modified_gmt":"2026-07-22T10:06:26","slug":"semiconductor-and-two-dimensional-materials","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/?page_id=870","title":{"rendered":"Semiconductor &#038; Two-Dimensional Materials"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"870\" class=\"elementor elementor-870\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e06dcca e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e06dcca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-740f59e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"740f59e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<style>\r\n  \/*\r\n   * The hero containing the indicator must be relative.\r\n   *\/\r\n  .cpse-scroll-cue {\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    z-index: 10;\r\n    bottom: 25px;\r\n    left: 50%;\r\n\r\n    display: flex;\r\n    align-items: center;\r\n    flex-direction: column;\r\n    gap: 8px;\r\n\r\n    color: #ffffff !important;\r\n    text-decoration: none !important;\r\n\r\n    opacity: 0.72;\r\n    transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n\r\n    transition:\r\n      opacity 0.25s ease,\r\n      transform 0.25s ease;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-scroll-cue:hover {\r\n    color: #ffffff !important;\r\n    opacity: 1;\r\n    transform: translateX(-50%) translateY(-3px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/*\r\n   * Mouse outline\r\n   *\/\r\n\r\n  .cpse-scroll-cue__mouse {\r\n    position: relative;\r\n\r\n    width: 36px;\r\n    height: 56px;\r\n\r\n    display: block;\r\n\r\n    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.65);\r\n    border-radius: 999px;\r\n\r\n    background: rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.18);\r\n    backdrop-filter: blur(4px);\r\n    -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(4px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/*\r\n   * Animated wheel\r\n   *\/\r\n\r\n  .cpse-scroll-cue__wheel {\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    top: 10px;\r\n    left: 50%;\r\n\r\n    width: 5px;\r\n    height: 9px;\r\n\r\n    display: block;\r\n\r\n    border-radius: 999px;\r\n    background: #ffffff;\r\n\r\n    transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n\r\n    animation:\r\n      cpseScrollWheel 1.8s\r\n      cubic-bezier(0.45, 0, 0.55, 1)\r\n      infinite;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  @keyframes cpseScrollWheel {\r\n    0% {\r\n      opacity: 0;\r\n      transform: translate(-50%, 0);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    20% {\r\n      opacity: 1;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    65% {\r\n      opacity: 1;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    100% {\r\n      opacity: 0;\r\n      transform: translate(-50%, 22px);\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-scroll-cue__text {\r\n    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78);\r\n    font-family: \"Poppins\", sans-serif;\r\n    font-size: 9px;\r\n    font-weight: 600;\r\n    letter-spacing: 1.4px;\r\n    line-height: 1;\r\n    text-transform: uppercase;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n    .cpse-scroll-cue {\r\n      bottom: 17px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .cpse-scroll-cue__mouse {\r\n      width: 31px;\r\n      height: 48px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .cpse-scroll-cue__text {\r\n      display: none;\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {\r\n    .cpse-scroll-cue__wheel {\r\n      animation: none;\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n<\/style>\r\n<style>\r\n@import url(\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;500;600;700;800&display=swap\");\r\n\r\nhtml {\r\n  scroll-behavior: smooth;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-page {\r\n  --navy: #071a3d;\r\n  --orange: #ca5235;\r\n  --white: #ffffff;\r\n  --soft: #f5f5f3;\r\n  --line: #dfdfda;\r\n  --text: #3e4655;\r\n\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  color: var(--text);\r\n  background: var(--white);\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", Arial, sans-serif;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-page,\r\n.cpse-sm-page * {\r\n  box-sizing: border-box;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-page h1,\r\n.cpse-sm-page h2,\r\n.cpse-sm-page h3,\r\n.cpse-sm-page p,\r\n.cpse-sm-page figure {\r\n  margin-top: 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-shell {\r\n  width: min(1180px, calc(100% - 40px));\r\n  margin-inline: auto;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-section {\r\n  padding: 90px 0;\r\n  scroll-margin-top: 120px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-section--soft {\r\n  background: var(--soft);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-kicker {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 10px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 14px;\r\n  color: var(--orange);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 0.12em;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-kicker::before {\r\n  width: 32px;\r\n  height: 3px;\r\n  background: currentColor;\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-title {\r\n  max-width: 850px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 18px;\r\n  color: var(--navy);\r\n  font-size: clamp(34px, 4.5vw, 58px);\r\n  line-height: 1.08;\r\n  letter-spacing: -0.045em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-title--small {\r\n  font-size: clamp(30px, 3.5vw, 46px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-intro {\r\n  max-width: 840px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 42px;\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n  line-height: 1.78;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-actions {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-btn {\r\n  min-height: 52px;\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: center;\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n  padding: 13px 22px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--orange);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--orange);\r\n  color: var(--white) !important;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  transition:\r\n    transform 0.25s ease,\r\n    box-shadow 0.25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-btn:hover {\r\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 14px 30px rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.18);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-btn--outline {\r\n  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.55);\r\n  background: transparent;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* HERO *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-hero {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  isolation: isolate;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  background: var(--navy);\r\n  color: var(--white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-hero::before {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  z-index: -1;\r\n  right: -230px;\r\n  bottom: -330px;\r\n  width: 620px;\r\n  height: 620px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.16);\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  box-shadow:\r\n    0 0 0 75px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.025),\r\n    0 0 0 150px rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.018);\r\n  content: \"\";\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-hero__grid {\r\n  min-height: 680px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1.08fr 0.92fr;\r\n  gap: 70px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  padding: 95px 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-hero .cpse-sm-kicker {\r\n  color: #ee8a70;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-hero h1 {\r\n  max-width: 760px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 24px;\r\n  color: var(--white);\r\n  font-size: clamp(45px, 6.5vw, 78px);\r\n  line-height: 1;\r\n  letter-spacing: -0.055em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-hero__lead {\r\n  max-width: 680px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 33px;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78);\r\n  font-size: clamp(17px, 1.7vw, 20px);\r\n  line-height: 1.72;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-hero__visual {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  min-height: 480px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-hero__image {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2);\r\n  border-radius: 25px;\r\n  background: var(--white);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 22px 55px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.28);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-hero__image img {\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  height: 100%;\r\n  display: block;\r\n  object-fit: contain;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-hero__image--main {\r\n  inset: 15px 45px 80px 0;\r\n  padding: 22px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-hero__image--accent {\r\n  right: 0;\r\n  bottom: 10px;\r\n  width: 235px;\r\n  height: 190px;\r\n  padding: 14px;\r\n  border: 5px solid var(--navy);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-hero__caption {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  left: 20px;\r\n  bottom: 32px;\r\n  padding: 10px 14px;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--orange);\r\n  color: var(--white);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* OVERVIEW *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-overview {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 0.82fr 1.18fr;\r\n  gap: 72px;\r\n  align-items: start;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-overview__statement {\r\n  padding: 32px;\r\n  border-radius: 24px;\r\n  background: var(--navy);\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.78);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-overview__statement strong {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 16px;\r\n  color: var(--white);\r\n  font-size: 25px;\r\n  line-height: 1.35;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-overview__statement p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  line-height: 1.75;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-overview__copy p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 20px;\r\n  font-size: 16px;\r\n  line-height: 1.8;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-tags {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  gap: 9px;\r\n  margin-top: 28px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-tags span {\r\n  padding: 9px 13px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--line);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--white);\r\n  color: var(--navy);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* RESEARCH THEMES *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-themes {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 14px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-theme {\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--line);\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: var(--white);\r\n  transition:\r\n    transform 0.25s ease,\r\n    border-color 0.25s ease,\r\n    box-shadow 0.25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-theme:hover,\r\n.cpse-sm-theme[open] {\r\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\r\n  border-color: rgba(202, 82, 53, 0.55);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 15px 36px rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.09);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-theme summary {\r\n  min-height: 108px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 54px minmax(0, 1fr) 38px;\r\n  gap: 20px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  padding: 22px 26px;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  list-style: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-theme summary::-webkit-details-marker {\r\n  display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-theme__mark {\r\n  width: 54px;\r\n  height: 54px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: var(--navy);\r\n  color: var(--white);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-theme:hover .cpse-sm-theme__mark,\r\n.cpse-sm-theme[open] .cpse-sm-theme__mark {\r\n  background: var(--orange);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-theme h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 6px;\r\n  color: var(--navy);\r\n  font-size: clamp(20px, 2.3vw, 28px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-theme summary p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  line-height: 1.55;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-theme__plus {\r\n  width: 36px;\r\n  height: 36px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: var(--soft);\r\n  color: var(--orange);\r\n  font-size: 22px;\r\n  transition: transform 0.25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-theme[open] .cpse-sm-theme__plus {\r\n  transform: rotate(45deg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-theme__body {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1fr 0.7fr;\r\n  gap: 34px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  padding: 0 26px 28px 100px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-theme__body p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  font-size: 15px;\r\n  line-height: 1.78;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-theme__body img {\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  max-height: 210px;\r\n  display: block;\r\n  object-fit: contain;\r\n  border-radius: 15px;\r\n  background: var(--soft);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* CARDS *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-grid--2 {\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-grid--4 {\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-card {\r\n  min-height: 260px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-direction: column;\r\n  padding: 28px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--line);\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: var(--white);\r\n  transition:\r\n    transform 0.25s ease,\r\n    border-color 0.25s ease,\r\n    box-shadow 0.25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-card:hover {\r\n  transform: translateY(-5px);\r\n  border-color: rgba(202, 82, 53, 0.5);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 18px 40px rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-card__label {\r\n  margin-bottom: 25px;\r\n  color: var(--orange);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 0.1em;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-card h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 12px;\r\n  color: var(--navy);\r\n  font-size: 20px;\r\n  line-height: 1.38;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-card p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  line-height: 1.72;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* WORKFLOW *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-workflow {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--line);\r\n  border-radius: 22px;\r\n  background: var(--white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-step {\r\n  min-height: 210px;\r\n  padding: 28px;\r\n  border-right: 1px solid var(--line);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-step:last-child {\r\n  border-right: 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-step span {\r\n  width: 42px;\r\n  height: 42px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  margin-bottom: 30px;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: var(--orange);\r\n  color: var(--white);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-step h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 9px;\r\n  color: var(--navy);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-step p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  line-height: 1.65;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* APPLICATIONS *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-feature {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\r\n  gap: 60px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-feature__image {\r\n  min-height: 410px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  padding: 30px;\r\n  border-radius: 26px;\r\n  background: var(--white);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 20px 50px rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-feature__image img {\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  max-height: 360px;\r\n  object-fit: contain;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-feature__copy p {\r\n  font-size: 16px;\r\n  line-height: 1.8;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* PUBLICATIONS *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-publications {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-publication {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) auto;\r\n  gap: 24px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  padding: 24px 26px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--line);\r\n  border-radius: 17px;\r\n  background: var(--white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-publication span {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 7px;\r\n  color: var(--orange);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-publication h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 7px;\r\n  color: var(--navy);\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n  line-height: 1.45;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-publication p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  line-height: 1.6;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-publication a {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  padding: 10px 14px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--orange);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  color: var(--orange) !important;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-publication a:hover {\r\n  background: var(--orange);\r\n  color: var(--white) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* CTA *\/\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-cta {\r\n  padding: 76px 0;\r\n  background: var(--orange);\r\n  color: var(--white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-cta__inner {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  gap: 36px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-cta h2 {\r\n  max-width: 720px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n  color: var(--white);\r\n  font-size: clamp(32px, 4vw, 52px);\r\n  line-height: 1.12;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-cta p {\r\n  max-width: 720px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.84);\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-sm-cta .cpse-sm-btn {\r\n  border-color: var(--white);\r\n  background: var(--white);\r\n  color: var(--navy) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* RESPONSIVE *\/\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 1024px) {\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero__grid,\r\n  .cpse-sm-overview,\r\n  .cpse-sm-feature {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero__visual {\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    max-width: 680px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-grid--4,\r\n  .cpse-sm-workflow {\r\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-step:nth-child(2) {\r\n    border-right: 0;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-step:nth-child(-n + 2) {\r\n    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n  .cpse-sm-shell {\r\n    width: min(100% - 28px, 1180px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-section {\r\n    padding: 65px 0;\r\n    scroll-margin-top: 100px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero__grid {\r\n    min-height: auto;\r\n    padding: 75px 0;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero h1 {\r\n    font-size: clamp(42px, 13vw, 61px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero__visual {\r\n    min-height: 350px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero__image--main {\r\n    inset: 0 20px 65px 0;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero__image--accent {\r\n    width: 180px;\r\n    height: 145px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-grid--2,\r\n  .cpse-sm-grid--4,\r\n  .cpse-sm-workflow {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-step {\r\n    border-right: 0;\r\n    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-step:last-child {\r\n    border-bottom: 0;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-theme summary {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 44px minmax(0, 1fr) 32px;\r\n    gap: 12px;\r\n    padding: 18px 15px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-theme__mark {\r\n    width: 44px;\r\n    height: 44px;\r\n    font-size: 10px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-theme summary p {\r\n    display: none;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-theme__body {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n    padding: 0 17px 22px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-publication {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-publication a {\r\n    width: fit-content;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-cta__inner {\r\n    display: block;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-cta .cpse-sm-actions {\r\n    margin-top: 27px;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<!-- CPSE RESEARCH FLOATING MENU -->\r\n<div class=\"cpse-page-menu is-open\" id=\"cpseResearchMenu\">\r\n\r\n  <!-- Button shown after closing the menu -->\r\n  <button\r\n    class=\"cpse-page-menu__open\"\r\n    type=\"button\"\r\n    aria-label=\"Open page menu\"\r\n    aria-expanded=\"true\"\r\n    aria-controls=\"cpseResearchMenuPanel\"\r\n  >\r\n    <span>On this page<\/span>\r\n\r\n    <span class=\"cpse-page-menu__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\r\n      <i><\/i>\r\n      <i><\/i>\r\n      <i><\/i>\r\n    <\/span>\r\n  <\/button>\r\n\r\n  <!-- Open menu -->\r\n  <aside\r\n    class=\"cpse-page-menu__panel\"\r\n    id=\"cpseResearchMenuPanel\"\r\n    aria-hidden=\"false\"\r\n  >\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-page-menu__header\">\r\n      <div>\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-page-menu__label\">On this page<\/span>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <button\r\n        class=\"cpse-page-menu__close\"\r\n        type=\"button\"\r\n        aria-label=\"Close page menu\"\r\n      >\r\n        \u00d7\r\n      <\/button>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <nav\r\n      class=\"cpse-page-menu__links\"\r\n      aria-label=\"Research page navigation\"\r\n    >\r\n      <a href=\"#semiconductor-overview\">\r\n        <span>Overview<\/span>\r\n        <b aria-hidden=\"true\">\u203a<\/b>\r\n      <\/a>\r\n\r\n      <a href=\"#semiconductor-themes\">\r\n        <span>Research themes<\/span>\r\n        <b aria-hidden=\"true\">\u203a<\/b>\r\n      <\/a>      \r\n      <a href=\"#applications\">\r\n        <span>Potential applications<\/span>\r\n        <b aria-hidden=\"true\">\u203a<\/b>\r\n      <\/a>\r\n\r\n      <a href=\"#featured-publications\">\r\n        <span>Featured publications<\/span>\r\n        <b aria-hidden=\"true\">\u203a<\/b>\r\n      <\/a>\r\n    <\/nav>\r\n  <\/aside>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<style>\r\nhtml {\r\n  scroll-behavior: smooth;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Main floating-menu container *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu {\r\n  position: fixed;\r\n  z-index: 9999;\r\n  top: 50%;\r\n  right: 18px;\r\n  font-family: \"Poppins\", Arial, sans-serif;\r\n  transform: translateY(-50%);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Closed button *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__open {\r\n  min-width: 136px;\r\n  min-height: 52px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: center;\r\n  gap: 13px;\r\n  padding: 11px 19px;\r\n  border: 0;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: #071a3d;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 14px 34px rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.25);\r\n  color: #ffffff;\r\n  font: inherit;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  transition:\r\n    background 0.25s ease,\r\n    transform 0.25s ease,\r\n    opacity 0.2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__open:hover {\r\n  background: #ca5235;\r\n  transform: translateX(-4px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Hamburger icon *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__icon {\r\n  width: 18px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 4px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__icon i {\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  height: 2px;\r\n  display: block;\r\n  border-radius: 5px;\r\n  background: currentColor;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Floating menu panel *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__panel {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: 50%;\r\n  right: 0;\r\n  width: min(360px, calc(100vw - 28px));\r\n  max-height: min(660px, calc(100vh - 30px));\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid #deded9;\r\n  border-radius: 22px;\r\n  background: #ffffff;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 25px 65px rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.24);\r\n  opacity: 0;\r\n  visibility: hidden;\r\n  transform:\r\n    translateY(-50%)\r\n    translateX(24px)\r\n    scale(0.97);\r\n  transform-origin: right center;\r\n  transition:\r\n    opacity 0.25s ease,\r\n    visibility 0.25s ease,\r\n    transform 0.25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Open state *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu.is-open .cpse-page-menu__panel {\r\n  opacity: 1;\r\n  visibility: visible;\r\n  transform:\r\n    translateY(-50%)\r\n    translateX(0)\r\n    scale(1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Hide the small button while the menu is open *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu.is-open .cpse-page-menu__open {\r\n  opacity: 0;\r\n  visibility: hidden;\r\n  pointer-events: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Header *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__header {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n  gap: 18px;\r\n  padding: 21px 22px;\r\n  background: #071a3d;\r\n  color: #ffffff;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__label {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 5px;\r\n  color: #e77a5d;\r\n  font-size: 10px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: 0.12em;\r\n  line-height: 1;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__header strong {\r\n  display: block;\r\n  color: #ffffff;\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  line-height: 1.35;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Close button \u2014 positioned on the right *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__close {\r\n  width: 40px;\r\n  height: 40px;\r\n  flex: 0 0 40px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  padding: 0;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.35);\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: transparent;\r\n  color: #ffffff;\r\n  font: inherit;\r\n  font-size: 27px;\r\n  font-weight: 400;\r\n  line-height: 1;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  transition:\r\n    background 0.2s ease,\r\n    border-color 0.2s ease,\r\n    transform 0.2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__close:hover {\r\n  border-color: #ca5235;\r\n  background: #ca5235;\r\n  transform: rotate(90deg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Navigation list *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links {\r\n  max-height: calc(min(660px, 100vh - 30px) - 92px);\r\n  padding: 10px;\r\n  overflow-y: auto;\r\n  overscroll-behavior: contain;\r\n  scrollbar-width: thin;\r\n  scrollbar-color: #ca5235 #f5f5f3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links::-webkit-scrollbar {\r\n  width: 5px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links::-webkit-scrollbar-track {\r\n  background: #f5f5f3;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links::-webkit-scrollbar-thumb {\r\n  border-radius: 10px;\r\n  background: #ca5235;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Individual links *\/\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links a {\r\n  min-height: 51px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n  gap: 18px;\r\n  padding: 13px 14px;\r\n  border-bottom: 1px solid #deded9;\r\n  border-radius: 11px;\r\n  color: #071a3d !important;\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n  line-height: 1.35;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  transition:\r\n    padding-left 0.2s ease,\r\n    background 0.2s ease,\r\n    color 0.2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links a:last-child {\r\n  border-bottom: 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links a:hover,\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links a.is-active {\r\n  padding-left: 20px;\r\n  background: #f5f5f3;\r\n  color: #ca5235 !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-page-menu__links b {\r\n  flex: 0 0 auto;\r\n  color: #ca5235;\r\n  font-size: 22px;\r\n  font-weight: 500;\r\n  line-height: 1;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Prevent headings from hiding behind a sticky website header *\/\r\n#research-overview,\r\n#research-areas,\r\n#capabilities,\r\n#featured-projects,\r\n#facilities,\r\n#publications,\r\n#research-community,\r\n#partnerships,\r\n#opportunities {\r\n  scroll-margin-top: 120px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Phone and tablet *\/\r\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n  .cpse-page-menu {\r\n    top: auto;\r\n    right: 12px;\r\n    bottom: 16px;\r\n    transform: none;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu__open {\r\n    min-width: 126px;\r\n    min-height: 48px;\r\n    padding: 10px 16px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu__panel {\r\n    top: auto;\r\n    right: 0;\r\n    bottom: 0;\r\n    width: min(340px, calc(100vw - 24px));\r\n    max-height: calc(100vh - 34px);\r\n    transform:\r\n      translateX(20px)\r\n      translateY(10px)\r\n      scale(0.97);\r\n    transform-origin: right bottom;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu.is-open .cpse-page-menu__panel {\r\n    transform:\r\n      translateX(0)\r\n      translateY(0)\r\n      scale(1);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu__links {\r\n    max-height: calc(100vh - 128px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu__header {\r\n    padding: 18px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu__links a {\r\n    min-height: 48px;\r\n    padding: 12px;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {\r\n  html {\r\n    scroll-behavior: auto;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-page-menu,\r\n  .cpse-page-menu * {\r\n    transition: none !important;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<script>\r\n(function () {\r\n  const menu = document.getElementById(\"cpseResearchMenu\");\r\n\r\n  if (!menu) return;\r\n\r\n  const openButton = menu.querySelector(\r\n    \".cpse-page-menu__open\"\r\n  );\r\n\r\n  const closeButton = menu.querySelector(\r\n    \".cpse-page-menu__close\"\r\n  );\r\n\r\n  const panel = menu.querySelector(\r\n    \".cpse-page-menu__panel\"\r\n  );\r\n\r\n  const links = menu.querySelectorAll(\r\n    '.cpse-page-menu__links a[href^=\"#\"]'\r\n  );\r\n\r\n  function openMenu() {\r\n    menu.classList.add(\"is-open\");\r\n    openButton.setAttribute(\"aria-expanded\", \"true\");\r\n    panel.setAttribute(\"aria-hidden\", \"false\");\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  function closeMenu() {\r\n    menu.classList.remove(\"is-open\");\r\n    openButton.setAttribute(\"aria-expanded\", \"false\");\r\n    panel.setAttribute(\"aria-hidden\", \"true\");\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  openButton.addEventListener(\"click\", openMenu);\r\n  closeButton.addEventListener(\"click\", closeMenu);\r\n\r\n  \/*\r\n   * The menu intentionally remains open when:\r\n   * - A navigation link is selected.\r\n   * - The visitor clicks outside the menu.\r\n   *\r\n   * It closes only with the \u00d7 button or Escape.\r\n   *\/\r\n\r\n  document.addEventListener(\"keydown\", function (event) {\r\n    if (event.key === \"Escape\") {\r\n      closeMenu();\r\n    }\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  \/* Highlight the section currently visible *\/\r\n  if (\"IntersectionObserver\" in window) {\r\n    const observedSections = [];\r\n\r\n    links.forEach(function (link) {\r\n      const targetSelector = link.getAttribute(\"href\");\r\n      const section = document.querySelector(targetSelector);\r\n\r\n      if (section) {\r\n        observedSections.push({\r\n          section: section,\r\n          link: link\r\n        });\r\n      }\r\n    });\r\n\r\n    const observer = new IntersectionObserver(\r\n      function (entries) {\r\n        entries.forEach(function (entry) {\r\n          if (!entry.isIntersecting) return;\r\n\r\n          links.forEach(function (link) {\r\n            link.classList.remove(\"is-active\");\r\n          });\r\n\r\n          const activeItem = observedSections.find(\r\n            function (item) {\r\n              return item.section === entry.target;\r\n            }\r\n          );\r\n\r\n          if (activeItem) {\r\n            activeItem.link.classList.add(\"is-active\");\r\n          }\r\n        });\r\n      },\r\n      {\r\n        rootMargin: \"-35% 0px -55% 0px\",\r\n        threshold: 0\r\n      }\r\n    );\r\n\r\n    observedSections.forEach(function (item) {\r\n      observer.observe(item.section);\r\n    });\r\n  }\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba16b15 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-24bcdfe \" data-id=\"ba16b15\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"ba16b15\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39c2b4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"39c2b4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpse-sm-page\">\r\n\r\n  <style>\r\n  \/* Background-image hero overrides *\/\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero--image {\r\n    position: relative;\r\n    min-height: 680px;\r\n    display: flex;\r\n    align-items: center;\r\n    isolation: isolate;\r\n    overflow: hidden;\r\n    background-color: #071a3d;\r\n    background-image:\r\n      linear-gradient(\r\n        90deg,\r\n        rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.98) 0%,\r\n        rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.91) 30%,\r\n        rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.68) 52%,\r\n        rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.22) 78%,\r\n        rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.08) 100%\r\n      ),\r\n      url(\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/hero_2d_materials.png\");\r\n    background-repeat: no-repeat;\r\n    background-position: center center;\r\n    background-size: cover;\r\n    color: #ffffff;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* Remove the decorative circle from the previous hero *\/\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero--image::before {\r\n    display: none;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* Subtle bottom shadow *\/\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero--image::after {\r\n    position: absolute;\r\n    z-index: -1;\r\n    right: 0;\r\n    bottom: 0;\r\n    left: 0;\r\n    height: 180px;\r\n    background: linear-gradient(\r\n      to top,\r\n      rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.48),\r\n      transparent\r\n    );\r\n    pointer-events: none;\r\n    content: \"\";\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero--image .cpse-sm-hero__grid {\r\n    width: min(1180px, calc(100% - 40px));\r\n    min-height: 680px;\r\n    display: flex;\r\n    align-items: center;\r\n    margin-inline: auto;\r\n    padding: 110px 0;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero--image .cpse-sm-hero__content {\r\n    width: min(720px, 100%);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero--image .cpse-sm-kicker {\r\n    color: #f08a70;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero--image h1 {\r\n    max-width: 760px;\r\n    margin-bottom: 25px;\r\n    color: #ffffff;\r\n    font-size: clamp(46px, 6.4vw, 78px);\r\n    font-weight: 700;\r\n    line-height: 1;\r\n    letter-spacing: -0.055em;\r\n    text-shadow: 0 5px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero--image .cpse-sm-hero__lead {\r\n    max-width: 650px;\r\n    margin-bottom: 34px;\r\n    color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.84);\r\n    font-size: clamp(17px, 1.7vw, 20px);\r\n    line-height: 1.75;\r\n    text-shadow: 0 3px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.22);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero--image .cpse-sm-btn--outline {\r\n    border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.7);\r\n    color: #ffffff !important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-hero--image .cpse-sm-btn--outline:hover {\r\n    border-color: #ffffff;\r\n    background: #ffffff;\r\n    color: #071a3d !important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n    .cpse-sm-hero--image {\r\n      min-height: 650px;\r\n      background-image:\r\n        linear-gradient(\r\n          90deg,\r\n          rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.96) 0%,\r\n          rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.84) 58%,\r\n          rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.48) 100%\r\n        ),\r\n        url(\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/hero_2d_materials.png\");\r\n\r\n      \/* Keep the important material layers visible *\/\r\n      background-position: 62% center;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .cpse-sm-hero--image .cpse-sm-hero__grid {\r\n      width: min(100% - 28px, 1180px);\r\n      min-height: 650px;\r\n      padding: 90px 0 75px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .cpse-sm-hero--image h1 {\r\n      font-size: clamp(42px, 13vw, 60px);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .cpse-sm-hero--image .cpse-sm-hero__lead {\r\n      font-size: 16px;\r\n      line-height: 1.7;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .cpse-sm-hero--image .cpse-sm-actions {\r\n      align-items: flex-start;\r\n      flex-direction: column;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .cpse-sm-hero--image .cpse-sm-btn {\r\n      width: 100%;\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n\r\n  <section\r\n    class=\"cpse-sm-hero cpse-sm-hero--image\"\r\n    id=\"semiconductor-overview\"\r\n  >\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-sm-hero__grid\">\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-sm-hero__content\">\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n        <h1>\r\n          Semiconductor &amp;<br \/>\r\n          Two-Dimensional Materials\r\n        <\/h1>\r\n\r\n        <p class=\"cpse-sm-hero__lead\">\r\n          Exploring the physics, synthesis and device\r\n          potential of atomically thin materials for quantum\r\n          technologies, electronics, photonics and advanced\r\n          sensing.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-sm-actions\">\r\n          <a\r\n            class=\"cpse-sm-btn\"\r\n            href=\"#semiconductor-themes\"\r\n          >\r\n            Explore research themes\r\n            <span aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span>\r\n          <\/a>\r\n\r\n          <a\r\n            class=\"cpse-sm-btn cpse-sm-btn--outline\"\r\n            href=\"#featured-research\"\r\n          >\r\n            View selected publications\r\n          <\/a>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n    <a\r\n  class=\"cpse-scroll-cue\"\r\n  aria-label=\"Scroll to the next section\"\r\n>\r\n  <span class=\"cpse-scroll-cue__mouse\">\r\n    <span class=\"cpse-scroll-cue__wheel\"><\/span>\r\n  <\/span>\r\n\r\n  <span class=\"cpse-scroll-cue__text\">\r\n  <\/span>\r\n<\/a>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<script>\r\n  (function () {\r\n    function initializeScrollCues(scope) {\r\n      var currentScope = scope || document;\r\n\r\n      currentScope\r\n        .querySelectorAll(\".cpse-scroll-cue\")\r\n        .forEach(function (scrollCue) {\r\n          if (\r\n            scrollCue.dataset.scrollReady === \"true\"\r\n          ) {\r\n            return;\r\n          }\r\n\r\n          scrollCue.dataset.scrollReady = \"true\";\r\n\r\n          scrollCue.addEventListener(\r\n            \"click\",\r\n            function (event) {\r\n              var targetSelector =\r\n                scrollCue.getAttribute(\"href\");\r\n\r\n              var targetSection =\r\n                targetSelector &&\r\n                targetSelector.charAt(0) === \"#\"\r\n                  ? document.querySelector(\r\n                      targetSelector\r\n                    )\r\n                  : null;\r\n\r\n              if (!targetSection) {\r\n                return;\r\n              }\r\n\r\n              event.preventDefault();\r\n\r\n              targetSection.scrollIntoView({\r\n                behavior: window.matchMedia(\r\n                  \"(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)\"\r\n                ).matches\r\n                  ? \"auto\"\r\n                  : \"smooth\",\r\n                block: \"start\"\r\n              });\r\n\r\n              if (window.history.replaceState) {\r\n                window.history.replaceState(\r\n                  null,\r\n                  \"\",\r\n                  targetSelector\r\n                );\r\n              }\r\n            }\r\n          );\r\n        });\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    function startScrollCues() {\r\n      initializeScrollCues(document);\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    if (document.readyState === \"loading\") {\r\n      document.addEventListener(\r\n        \"DOMContentLoaded\",\r\n        startScrollCues\r\n      );\r\n    } else {\r\n      startScrollCues();\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    window.addEventListener(\r\n      \"load\",\r\n      startScrollCues\r\n    );\r\n\r\n    \/*\r\n     * Support Elementor HTML widgets.\r\n     *\/\r\n    window.addEventListener(\r\n      \"elementor\/frontend\/init\",\r\n      function () {\r\n        if (\r\n          window.elementorFrontend &&\r\n          window.elementorFrontend.hooks\r\n        ) {\r\n          window.elementorFrontend.hooks.addAction(\r\n            \"frontend\/element_ready\/html.default\",\r\n            function (elementorScope) {\r\n              initializeScrollCues(\r\n                elementorScope &&\r\n                  elementorScope[0]\r\n                  ? elementorScope[0]\r\n                  : document\r\n              );\r\n            }\r\n          );\r\n        }\r\n      }\r\n    );\r\n  })();\r\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-310aebe e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-f70f2c2 \" data-id=\"310aebe\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"310aebe\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc70c49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"cc70c49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpse-sm-page\">\r\n  <section class=\"cpse-sm-section\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-sm-shell cpse-sm-overview\">\r\n\r\n      <aside class=\"cpse-sm-overview__statement\">\r\n        <strong>\r\n          Materials only a few atoms thick can reveal new\r\n          physics and enable entirely new device concepts.\r\n        <\/strong>\r\n\r\n        <p>\r\n          CPSE connects material growth, defect control,\r\n          quantum transport and sensing within one research\r\n          direction.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n      <\/aside>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-sm-overview__copy\">\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-sm-kicker\">\r\n          Research overview\r\n        <\/span>\r\n\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-sm-title cpse-sm-title--small\">\r\n          Understanding and engineering matter at the nanoscale\r\n        <\/h2>\r\n\r\n        <p>\r\n          Research focuses on the fundamental physics of\r\n          nanoscale quantum devices based on graphene,\r\n          phosphorene, molybdenum disulfide and other\r\n          transition-metal dichalcogenides, together with\r\n          related van der Waals heterostructures.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <p>\r\n          By combining experiments and numerical modeling,\r\n          researchers investigate how these materials can\r\n          support future developments in ultrafast electronics,\r\n          spintronics, optoelectronics, terahertz generation\r\n          and sensing, information processing, environmental\r\n          technologies and bio-analytics.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-sm-tags\">\r\n          <span>Graphene<\/span>\r\n          <span>Phosphorene<\/span>\r\n          <span>MoS\u2082<\/span>\r\n          <span>Van der Waals heterostructures<\/span>\r\n          <span>Quantum devices<\/span>\r\n          <span>Advanced sensors<\/span>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e58e2e6 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-0b1f36f \" data-id=\"e58e2e6\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"e58e2e6\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1efb87d elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"1efb87d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpse-sm-page\">\n\n  <style>\n  \/* THEME CAROUSEL *\/\n\n  .cpse-sm-carousel {\n    position: relative;\n    width: 100%;\n    min-width: 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n    border: 1px solid var(--line);\n    border-radius: 18px;\n    background: var(--soft);\n  }\n\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__viewport {\n    width: 100%;\n    overflow: hidden;\n  }\n\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__track {\n    display: flex;\n    transition: transform 0.45s ease;\n    will-change: transform;\n  }\n\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__slide {\n    min-width: 100%;\n    margin: 0;\n    background: var(--soft);\n  }\n\n  \/* Overrides the image rule from the shared CSS *\/\n  .cpse-sm-theme__body\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__slide img {\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 250px;\n    max-height: none;\n    display: block;\n    object-fit: contain;\n    border-radius: 0;\n    background: #ffffff;\n  }\n\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__caption {\n    min-height: 54px;\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    padding: 12px 70px 12px 15px;\n    color: var(--navy);\n    background: var(--white);\n    font-size: 11px;\n    font-weight: 600;\n    line-height: 1.5;\n  }\n\n  \/* Previous and next buttons *\/\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__button {\n    position: absolute;\n    z-index: 3;\n    top: 105px;\n    width: 38px;\n    height: 38px;\n    display: grid;\n    place-items: center;\n    padding: 0;\n    border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.65);\n    border-radius: 50%;\n    background: rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.88);\n    box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(7, 26, 61, 0.2);\n    color: #ffffff;\n    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n    font-size: 23px;\n    line-height: 1;\n    cursor: pointer;\n    transition:\n      background 0.2s ease,\n      transform 0.2s ease;\n  }\n\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__button:hover {\n    background: var(--orange);\n    transform: scale(1.07);\n  }\n\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__button--previous {\n    left: 12px;\n  }\n\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__button--next {\n    right: 12px;\n  }\n\n  \/* Navigation dots *\/\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__dots {\n    position: absolute;\n    z-index: 4;\n    right: 14px;\n    bottom: 20px;\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    gap: 6px;\n  }\n\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__dot {\n    width: 7px;\n    height: 7px;\n    padding: 0;\n    border: 0;\n    border-radius: 50%;\n    background: #b7bbc3;\n    cursor: pointer;\n    transition:\n      width 0.2s ease,\n      border-radius 0.2s ease,\n      background 0.2s ease;\n  }\n\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__dot.is-active {\n    width: 20px;\n    border-radius: 999px;\n    background: var(--orange);\n  }\n\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\n    .cpse-sm-theme__body\n    .cpse-sm-carousel__slide img {\n      height: 230px;\n    }\n\n    .cpse-sm-carousel__button {\n      top: 96px;\n      width: 36px;\n      height: 36px;\n    }\n\n    .cpse-sm-carousel__caption {\n      min-height: 62px;\n      padding-right: 70px;\n    }\n  }\n\n  @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {\n    .cpse-sm-carousel__track {\n      transition: none;\n    }\n  }\n  \/* Slightly larger theme carousel *\/\n.cpse-sm-theme__body {\n  grid-template-columns: 0.85fr 1.15fr;\n  gap: 40px;\n}\n\n.cpse-sm-carousel {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n\n.cpse-sm-theme__body\n.cpse-sm-carousel__slide img {\n  height: 310px;\n}\n\n\/* Reposition arrows for the taller image *\/\n.cpse-sm-carousel__button {\n  top: 136px;\n}\n\n\/* Tablet *\/\n@media (max-width: 1024px) {\n  .cpse-sm-theme__body {\n    grid-template-columns: 0.75fr 1.25fr;\n    padding-left: 80px;\n  }\n}\n\n\/* Phone *\/\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\n  .cpse-sm-theme__body {\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\n    gap: 24px;\n    padding: 0 17px 22px;\n  }\n\n  .cpse-sm-theme__body\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__slide img {\n    height: 270px;\n  }\n\n  .cpse-sm-carousel__button {\n    top: 116px;\n  }\n}\n  <\/style>\n\n  <section\n    class=\"cpse-sm-section cpse-sm-section--soft\"\n    id=\"semiconductor-themes\"\n  >\n    <div class=\"cpse-sm-shell\">\n\n      <span class=\"cpse-sm-kicker\">\n        Research themes\n      <\/span>\n\n      <h2 class=\"cpse-sm-title\">\n        Four complementary areas\n      <\/h2>\n\n      <p class=\"cpse-sm-intro\">\n        Select a theme to explore how materials are created,\n        controlled, measured and transformed into functional\n        systems.\n      <\/p>\n\n      <div class=\"cpse-sm-themes\">\n\n        <!-- =====================================\n             CRYSTAL GROWTH\n             ===================================== -->\n        <details class=\"cpse-sm-theme\">\n          <summary>\n            <span class=\"cpse-sm-theme__mark\">\n              CG\n            <\/span>\n\n            <span>\n              <h3>Crystal Growth<\/h3>\n\n              <p>\n                Scaling high-quality two-dimensional materials\n                from crystals to atomically thin films.\n              <\/p>\n            <\/span>\n\n            <span\n              class=\"cpse-sm-theme__plus\"\n              aria-hidden=\"true\"\n            >\n              +\n            <\/span>\n          <\/summary>\n\n          <div class=\"cpse-sm-theme__body\">\n            <p>\n              Researchers combine experiments and simulation\n              to develop strategies for large-area, low-defect\n              synthesis. Chemical vapor deposition allows\n              control over substrates, precursors, temperature\n              and pressure, while crystal-growth activities\n              include black phosphorus, MoS\u2082 and related\n              transition-metal dichalcogenides.\n            <\/p>\n\n            <div\n              class=\"cpse-sm-carousel\"\n              aria-label=\"Crystal Growth gallery\"\n            >\n              <div class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__viewport\">\n                <div class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__track\">\n\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Media1-1.gif\"\n                      alt=\"Simulation of two-dimensional material crystal growth\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Modeling the growth of atomically thin\n                      materials\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n                    <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Picture1-3.png\"\n                      alt=\"Laboratory crystal-growth activity\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                     Preparation and investigation of\n                      two-dimensional crystals\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/WhatsApp-Image-2023-02-02-at-16.45.15.jpg\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Growth of black phosphorus crystal \n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n                       <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/hetero_structures_WS2-MoS2.png\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Growth  and characterisation of  TMD heterostructures \n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n\n                \n\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n\n              <button\n                class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__button\n                       cpse-sm-carousel__button--previous\"\n                type=\"button\"\n                aria-label=\"Previous Crystal Growth image\"\n              >\n                \u2039\n              <\/button>\n\n              <button\n                class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__button\n                       cpse-sm-carousel__button--next\"\n                type=\"button\"\n                aria-label=\"Next Crystal Growth image\"\n              >\n                \u203a\n              <\/button>\n\n              <div\n                class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__dots\"\n                aria-label=\"Crystal Growth slides\"\n              ><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <!-- =====================================\n             DEFECT ENGINEERING\n             ===================================== -->\n        <details class=\"cpse-sm-theme\">\n          <summary>\n            <span class=\"cpse-sm-theme__mark\">\n              DE\n            <\/span>\n\n            <span>\n              <h3>Defect Engineering<\/h3>\n\n              <p>\n                Probing and controlling vacancies, nanopores\n                and transport in low-dimensional materials.\n              <\/p>\n            <\/span>\n\n            <span\n              class=\"cpse-sm-theme__plus\"\n              aria-hidden=\"true\"\n            >\n              +\n            <\/span>\n          <\/summary>\n\n          <div class=\"cpse-sm-theme__body\">\n            <p>\n              Raman-based analysis and numerical methods are\n              used to investigate defects in graphene and\n              other 2D materials. Understanding vacancy size\n              and distribution supports control of electronic\n              and thermal transport and enables concepts such\n              as graphene membranes for water desalination.\n            <\/p>\n\n            <div\n              class=\"cpse-sm-carousel\"\n              aria-label=\"Defect Engineering gallery\"\n            >\n              <div class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__viewport\">\n                <div class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__track\">\n\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Filtration-video.gif\"\n                      alt=\"Graphene membrane water-filtration simulation\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Graphene nanopore filtration concept\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/raman_graphen_SiC.png\"\n                      alt=\"Graphene membrane concept for water desalination\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Raman spectra of graphene on SiC\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/pore_graphen-scaled.png\"\n                      alt=\"Defects and nanopores in graphene\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Identification and control of defects\n                      in graphene\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Greenflow_E-NPG_desalination-scaled.png\"\n                      alt=\"Graphene membrane concept for water desalination\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Two-dimensional membranes for selective\n                      water treatment\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n\n              <button\n                class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__button\n                       cpse-sm-carousel__button--previous\"\n                type=\"button\"\n                aria-label=\"Previous Defect Engineering image\"\n              >\n                \u2039\n              <\/button>\n\n              <button\n                class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__button\n                       cpse-sm-carousel__button--next\"\n                type=\"button\"\n                aria-label=\"Next Defect Engineering image\"\n              >\n                \u203a\n              <\/button>\n\n              <div\n                class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__dots\"\n                aria-label=\"Defect Engineering slides\"\n              ><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <!-- =====================================\n             DEVICE PHYSICS\n             ===================================== -->\n        <details class=\"cpse-sm-theme\">\n          <summary>\n            <span class=\"cpse-sm-theme__mark\">\n              DP\n            <\/span>\n\n            <span>\n              <h3>Device Physics<\/h3>\n\n              <p>\n                Exploring quantum electronic phenomena in\n                nanoscale devices and heterostructures.\n              <\/p>\n            <\/span>\n\n            <span\n              class=\"cpse-sm-theme__plus\"\n              aria-hidden=\"true\"\n            >\n              +\n            <\/span>\n          <\/summary>\n\n          <div class=\"cpse-sm-theme__body\">\n            <p>\n              Atomically thin devices offer a platform for\n              investigating correlated, topological and\n              quantum states. Research connects\n              first-principles calculations with\n              low-temperature magneto-transport experiments\n              and device concepts including photodetectors\n              and graphene quantum-dot bolometers.\n            <\/p>\n\n            <div\n              class=\"cpse-sm-carousel\"\n              aria-label=\"Device Physics gallery\"\n            >\n              <div class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__viewport\">\n                <div class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__track\">\n\n                \n                  \n                  <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/nanodevice.png\"\n                      alt=\"Two-dimensional material quantum device\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Nano-devices\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n                  \n\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Quantum-transport-in-nanoscale-devices.png\"\n                      alt=\"Graphene device physics illustration\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Graphene-based device architecture\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/quntum_dot.png\"\n                      alt=\"Quantum electronic device research\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Experimental investigation of quantum\n                      electronic systems\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/SiC-graphen.png\"\n                      alt=\"Graphene quantum-dot bolometer concept\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Graphene quantum-dot bolometer and\n                      detector concept\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n\n              <button\n                class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__button\n                       cpse-sm-carousel__button--previous\"\n                type=\"button\"\n                aria-label=\"Previous Device Physics image\"\n              >\n                \u2039\n              <\/button>\n\n              <button\n                class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__button\n                       cpse-sm-carousel__button--next\"\n                type=\"button\"\n                aria-label=\"Next Device Physics image\"\n              >\n                \u203a\n              <\/button>\n\n              <div\n                class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__dots\"\n                aria-label=\"Device Physics slides\"\n              ><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n        <!-- =====================================\n             CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL SENSORS\n             ===================================== -->\n        <details class=\"cpse-sm-theme\">\n          <summary>\n            <span class=\"cpse-sm-theme__mark\">\n              CBS\n            <\/span>\n\n            <span>\n              <h3>\n                Chemical &amp; Biochemical Sensors\n              <\/h3>\n\n              <p>\n                Using molecular, magnetic and\n                two-dimensional systems for precise detection.\n              <\/p>\n            <\/span>\n\n            <span\n              class=\"cpse-sm-theme__plus\"\n              aria-hidden=\"true\"\n            >\n              +\n            <\/span>\n          <\/summary>\n\n          <div class=\"cpse-sm-theme__body\">\n            <p>\n              Research investigates molecular nanomagnets\n              interacting with 2D templates, magnetocaloric\n              concepts and sensing platforms designed to\n              detect DNA, RNA and proteins. These directions\n              connect quantum materials, molecular\n              spintronics, cryogenic technology and\n              bio-analytics.\n            <\/p>\n\n            <div\n              class=\"cpse-sm-carousel\"\n              aria-label=\"Chemical and Biochemical Sensors gallery\"\n            >\n              <div class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__viewport\">\n                <div class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__track\">\n\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/smm.png\"\n                      alt=\"Single-molecule magnet sensing illustration\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Molecular nanomagnets integrated with\n                      graphene systems\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/kokot.jpg\"\n                      alt=\"Chemical and biochemical sensor research\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Chemical and molecular detection concepts\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/DNA-detection-on-black-phosphorene.png\"\n                      alt=\"Biochemical sensing research illustration\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Two-dimensional materials for\n                      biochemical sensing\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n\n                  <figure class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__slide\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\"\n                      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/advance_Material_red-and-green-1-2.jpg\"\n                      alt=\"Advanced molecular and two-dimensional material\"\n                    \/>\n\n                    <figcaption class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__caption\">\n                      Molecular systems interacting with\n                      advanced materials\n                    <\/figcaption>\n                  <\/figure>\n\n                <\/div>\n              <\/div>\n\n              <button\n                class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__button\n                       cpse-sm-carousel__button--previous\"\n                type=\"button\"\n                aria-label=\"Previous Sensors image\"\n              >\n                \u2039\n              <\/button>\n\n              <button\n                class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__button\n                       cpse-sm-carousel__button--next\"\n                type=\"button\"\n                aria-label=\"Next Sensors image\"\n              >\n                \u203a\n              <\/button>\n\n              <div\n                class=\"cpse-sm-carousel__dots\"\n                aria-label=\"Chemical and Biochemical Sensors slides\"\n              ><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n          <\/div>\n        <\/details>\n\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n<\/div>\n\n<script>\n(function () {\n  const carousels = document.querySelectorAll(\n    \".cpse-sm-carousel\"\n  );\n\n  carousels.forEach(function (carousel) {\n    if (carousel.dataset.carouselReady === \"true\") {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    carousel.dataset.carouselReady = \"true\";\n\n    const track = carousel.querySelector(\n      \".cpse-sm-carousel__track\"\n    );\n\n    const slides = carousel.querySelectorAll(\n      \".cpse-sm-carousel__slide\"\n    );\n\n    const previousButton = carousel.querySelector(\n      \".cpse-sm-carousel__button--previous\"\n    );\n\n    const nextButton = carousel.querySelector(\n      \".cpse-sm-carousel__button--next\"\n    );\n\n    const dotsContainer = carousel.querySelector(\n      \".cpse-sm-carousel__dots\"\n    );\n\n    let currentSlide = 0;\n    let touchStartX = 0;\n    let touchEndX = 0;\n\n    if (!track || slides.length === 0) {\n      return;\n    }\n\n    function createDots() {\n      slides.forEach(function (_, slideIndex) {\n        const dot = document.createElement(\"button\");\n\n        dot.className = \"cpse-sm-carousel__dot\";\n        dot.type = \"button\";\n\n        dot.setAttribute(\n          \"aria-label\",\n          \"Show image \" + (slideIndex + 1)\n        );\n\n        dot.addEventListener(\"click\", function () {\n          showSlide(slideIndex);\n        });\n\n        dotsContainer.appendChild(dot);\n      });\n    }\n\n    function showSlide(slideIndex) {\n      if (slideIndex < 0) {\n        currentSlide = slides.length - 1;\n      } else if (slideIndex >= slides.length) {\n        currentSlide = 0;\n      } else {\n        currentSlide = slideIndex;\n      }\n\n      track.style.transform =\n        \"translateX(-\" + currentSlide * 100 + \"%)\";\n\n      const dots = dotsContainer.querySelectorAll(\n        \".cpse-sm-carousel__dot\"\n      );\n\n      dots.forEach(function (dot, dotIndex) {\n        dot.classList.toggle(\n          \"is-active\",\n          dotIndex === currentSlide\n        );\n\n        dot.setAttribute(\n          \"aria-current\",\n          dotIndex === currentSlide\n            ? \"true\"\n            : \"false\"\n        );\n      });\n    }\n\n    createDots();\n    showSlide(0);\n\n    previousButton.addEventListener(\n      \"click\",\n      function () {\n        showSlide(currentSlide - 1);\n      }\n    );\n\n    nextButton.addEventListener(\n      \"click\",\n      function () {\n        showSlide(currentSlide + 1);\n      }\n    );\n\n    carousel.addEventListener(\n      \"touchstart\",\n      function (event) {\n        touchStartX = event.changedTouches[0].screenX;\n      },\n      {\n        passive: true\n      }\n    );\n\n    carousel.addEventListener(\n      \"touchend\",\n      function (event) {\n        touchEndX = event.changedTouches[0].screenX;\n\n        const swipeDistance =\n          touchEndX - touchStartX;\n\n        if (Math.abs(swipeDistance) < 45) {\n          return;\n        }\n\n        if (swipeDistance < 0) {\n          showSlide(currentSlide + 1);\n        } else {\n          showSlide(currentSlide - 1);\n        }\n      },\n      {\n        passive: true\n      }\n    );\n  });\n})();\n<\/script>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d99dbde e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-9fdb08d \" data-id=\"d99dbde\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"d99dbde\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17d355c elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"17d355c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpse-sm-page\">\r\n  <section\r\n    class=\"cpse-sm-section\"\r\n    id=\"applications\"\r\n  >\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-sm-shell cpse-sm-feature\">\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-sm-feature__image\">\r\n        <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n          src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/device.png\"\r\n          alt=\"Two-dimensional graphene membrane for water filtration\"\r\n        \/>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-sm-feature__copy\">\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-sm-kicker\">\r\n          Potential applications\r\n        <\/span>\r\n\r\n        <h2 class=\"cpse-sm-title cpse-sm-title--small\">\r\n          Quantum science, sensing and sustainable\r\n          technologies\r\n        <\/h2>\r\n\r\n        <p>\r\n          Two-dimensional materials offer an unusually\r\n          versatile platform. Their electrical, optical,\r\n          mechanical and surface properties can be engineered\r\n          for many classes of devices.\r\n        <\/p>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-sm-tags\">\r\n          <span>Quantum technologies<\/span>\r\n          <span>Nanoelectronics<\/span>\r\n          <span>Spintronics<\/span>\r\n          <span>Optoelectronics<\/span>\r\n          <span>Terahertz sensing<\/span>\r\n          <span>Water desalination<\/span>\r\n          <span>Bio-analytics<\/span>\r\n          <span>Information storage<\/span>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-449e7e6 e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-4060e5b \" data-id=\"449e7e6\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"449e7e6\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be69f3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"be69f3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"cpse-sm-page\">\r\n\r\n  <style>\r\n  \/* Featured Research cards with images *\/\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-featured-card {\r\n    min-height: 100%;\r\n    padding: 0;\r\n    overflow: hidden;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-featured-card__image {\r\n    position: relative;\r\n    height: 255px;\r\n    display: grid;\r\n    place-items: center;\r\n    overflow: hidden;\r\n    border-bottom: 1px solid var(--line);\r\n    background: var(--soft);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-featured-card__image img {\r\n    width: 100%;\r\n    height: 100%;\r\n    display: block;\r\n    padding: 18px;\r\n    object-fit: contain;\r\n    transition: transform 0.4s ease;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-featured-card:hover\r\n  .cpse-sm-featured-card__image img {\r\n    transform: scale(1.04);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-featured-card__content {\r\n    min-height: 300px;\r\n    display: flex;\r\n    flex: 1;\r\n    flex-direction: column;\r\n    padding: 28px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-featured-card__content\r\n  .cpse-sm-card__label {\r\n    margin-bottom: 17px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-featured-card__content h3 {\r\n    margin-bottom: 13px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-featured-card__content p {\r\n    margin-bottom: 25px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  \/* Publication button *\/\r\n  .cpse-sm-paper-link {\r\n    min-height: 48px;\r\n    display: flex;\r\n    align-items: center;\r\n    justify-content: space-between;\r\n    gap: 18px;\r\n    margin-top: auto;\r\n    padding: 8px 9px 8px 18px;\r\n    border: 1px solid var(--navy);\r\n    border-radius: 999px;\r\n    color: var(--navy) !important;\r\n    font-size: 12px;\r\n    font-weight: 700;\r\n    text-decoration: none !important;\r\n    transition:\r\n      border-color 0.25s ease,\r\n      background 0.25s ease,\r\n      color 0.25s ease;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-paper-link__arrow {\r\n    width: 32px;\r\n    height: 32px;\r\n    flex: 0 0 32px;\r\n    display: grid;\r\n    place-items: center;\r\n    border-radius: 50%;\r\n    background: var(--navy);\r\n    color: #ffffff;\r\n    font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\r\n    font-size: 18px;\r\n    line-height: 1;\r\n    transition:\r\n      background 0.25s ease,\r\n      transform 0.25s ease;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-paper-link:hover {\r\n    border-color: var(--orange);\r\n    background: var(--orange);\r\n    color: #ffffff !important;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-paper-link:hover\r\n  .cpse-sm-paper-link__arrow {\r\n    background: #ffffff;\r\n    color: var(--orange);\r\n    transform: translate(2px, -2px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-sm-paper-doi {\r\n    display: block;\r\n    margin-top: 8px;\r\n    color: #747a85;\r\n    font-size: 10px;\r\n    font-weight: 500;\r\n    line-height: 1.5;\r\n    overflow-wrap: anywhere;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  @media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n    .cpse-sm-featured-card__image {\r\n      height: 215px;\r\n    }\r\n\r\n    .cpse-sm-featured-card__content {\r\n      min-height: 0;\r\n      padding: 25px;\r\n    }\r\n  }\r\n  <\/style>\r\n\r\n  <section\r\n    class=\"cpse-sm-section\"\r\n    id=\"featured-publications\"\r\n  >\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-sm-shell\">\r\n\r\n      <span class=\"cpse-sm-kicker\">\r\n        Featured publications\r\n      <\/span>\r\n\r\n      <h2 class=\"cpse-sm-title cpse-sm-title--small\">\r\n        From fundamental material behavior to practical\r\n        technologies\r\n      <\/h2>\r\n\r\n      <p class=\"cpse-sm-intro\">\r\n        These examples illustrate the connection between\r\n        fundamental material behavior and practical\r\n        technology concepts.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-sm-grid cpse-sm-grid--2\">\r\n\r\n        <!-- =================================\r\n             PHOSPHORENE\r\n             ================================= -->\r\n        <article\r\n          class=\"cpse-sm-card cpse-sm-featured-card\"\r\n        >\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-sm-featured-card__image\">\r\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n              src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/a-Top-view-of-the-final-structure-at-1500-K-before-and-b-after-cooling-on-Ni-100_W640.jpg\"\r\n              alt=\"Atomic model of phosphorene growth on a nickel substrate\"\r\n              loading=\"lazy\"\r\n            \/>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-sm-featured-card__content\">\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-sm-card__label\">\r\n              Crystal growth\r\n            <\/span>\r\n\r\n            <h3>\r\n              Large-Area Phosphorene on Nickel\r\n            <\/h3>\r\n\r\n            <p>\r\n              Theoretical and experimental work investigates\r\n              strategies for producing high-quality\r\n              phosphorene and other two-dimensional crystals\r\n              at useful scales.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n\r\n            <a\r\n              class=\"cpse-sm-paper-link\"\r\n              href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/ad61f7\"\r\n              target=\"_blank\"\r\n              rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\r\n              aria-label=\"Explore the Large-Area Phosphorene on Nickel paper\"\r\n            >\r\n              <span>\r\n                Explore the paper\r\n\r\n                <small class=\"cpse-sm-paper-doi\">\r\n        Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics<br \/>\r\n                  DOI: 10.1088\/1361-6463\/ad61f7\r\n                <\/small>\r\n              <\/span>\r\n\r\n              <span\r\n                class=\"cpse-sm-paper-link__arrow\"\r\n                aria-hidden=\"true\"\r\n              >\r\n                \u2197\r\n              <\/span>\r\n            <\/a>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <!-- =================================\r\n             GRAPHENE NANOPOROUS MEMBRANES\r\n             ================================= -->\r\n        <article\r\n          class=\"cpse-sm-card cpse-sm-featured-card\"\r\n        >\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-sm-featured-card__image\">\r\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n              src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/disalunation.png\"\r\n              alt=\"Graphene nanopore membrane for water desalination\"\r\n              loading=\"lazy\"\r\n            \/>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-sm-featured-card__content\">\r\n            <span class=\"cpse-sm-card__label\">\r\n              Defect engineering\r\n            <\/span>\r\n\r\n            <h3>\r\n              Graphene Nanopores for Water Desalination\r\n            <\/h3>\r\n\r\n            <p>\r\n              Controlled vacancy formation is studied as a\r\n              route toward selective graphene membranes for\r\n              water-treatment applications.\r\n            <\/p>\r\n\r\n            <a\r\n              class=\"cpse-sm-paper-link\"\r\n              href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.4c08852\"\r\n              target=\"_blank\"\r\n              rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\r\n              aria-label=\"Explore the Graphene Nanopores for Water Desalination paper\"\r\n            >\r\n              <span>\r\n                Explore the paper\r\n\r\n                <small class=\"cpse-sm-paper-doi\">\r\n                    ACS Omega<br \/>\r\n                  DOI: 10.1021\/acsomega.4c08852\r\n                <\/small>\r\n              <\/span>\r\n\r\n              <span\r\n                class=\"cpse-sm-paper-link__arrow\"\r\n                aria-hidden=\"true\"\r\n              >\r\n                \u2197\r\n              <\/span>\r\n            <\/a>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n        <\/article>\r\n\r\n        <!-- =================================\r\n             GRAPHENE QUANTUM-DOT BOLOMETERS\r\n             ================================= -->\r\n        <article\r\n          class=\"cpse-sm-card cpse-sm-featured-card\"\r\n        >\r\n          <div class=\"cpse-sm-featured-card__image\">\r\n            <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n              src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/a-Optical-microscope-image-of-the-device-after-transferring-the-graphene-on-the_W640.jpg\"\r\n              alt=\"Graphene quantum-dot bolometer research\"\r\n              loading=\"lazy\"\r\n            \/>\r\n          <\/div>\r\n\r\n         \r\n\r\n  <div class=\"cpse-sm-featured-card__content\">\r\n    <span class=\"cpse-sm-card__label\">\r\n      Quantum devices \u00b7 2025\r\n    <\/span>\r\n\r\n    <h3>\r\n      Quantum Dots Array: An Approach to\r\n      Multipixel Devices\r\n    <\/h3>\r\n\r\n    <p>\r\n      Arrays of parallel graphene quantum dots are\r\n      investigated as a method for controlling device area,\r\n      impedance and transport properties while supporting\r\n      the development of multipixel detection and imaging\r\n      technologies.\r\n    <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <a\r\n      class=\"cpse-sm-paper-link\"\r\n      href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/adacf8\"\r\n      target=\"_blank\"\r\n      rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\r\n      aria-label=\"Explore the Quantum Dots Array multipixel devices paper\"\r\n    >\r\n      <span>\r\n        Explore the paper\r\n\r\n        <small class=\"cpse-sm-paper-doi\">\r\n          Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics,\r\n          58, 135103 (2025)<br \/>\r\n          DOI: 10.1088\/1361-6463\/adacf8\r\n        <\/small>\r\n      <\/span>\r\n\r\n      <span\r\n        class=\"cpse-sm-paper-link__arrow\"\r\n        aria-hidden=\"true\"\r\n      >\r\n        \u2197\r\n      <\/span>\r\n    <\/a>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article\r\n  class=\"cpse-sm-card cpse-sm-featured-card\"\r\n>\r\n  <div class=\"cpse-sm-featured-card__image\">\r\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/4d71e860-9353-41d8-944d-197cebeb0d91.png\"\r\n      alt=\"Black phosphorene and graphene heterostructure for DNA nucleotide detection\"\r\n      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n    \/>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"cpse-sm-featured-card__content\">\r\n    <span class=\"cpse-sm-card__label\">\r\n      Biochemical sensing \u00b7 Featured Article\r\n    <\/span>\r\n\r\n    <h3>\r\n      Black Phosphorene\/Graphene Heterostructures\r\n      as High-Performance SERS Platforms for\r\n      Ultrasensitive Label-Free DNA Nucleotide Detection\r\n    <\/h3>\r\n\r\n    <p>\r\n      Black phosphorene\/graphene and black\r\n      phosphorene\/MoS\u2082 heterostructures are investigated\r\n      as highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman\r\n      scattering platforms for non-destructive DNA\r\n      nucleotide detection.\r\n    <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <a\r\n      class=\"cpse-sm-paper-link\"\r\n      href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/5.0320857\"\r\n      target=\"_blank\"\r\n      rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\r\n      aria-label=\"Explore the Black Phosphorene Graphene Heterostructures paper\"\r\n    >\r\n      <span>\r\n        Explore the paper\r\n\r\n        <small class=\"cpse-sm-paper-doi\">\r\n          Applied Physics Letters 128, 181703 (2026)<br \/>\r\n          DOI: 10.1063\/5.0320857\r\n        <\/small>\r\n      <\/span>\r\n\r\n      <span\r\n        class=\"cpse-sm-paper-link__arrow\"\r\n        aria-hidden=\"true\"\r\n      >\r\n        \u2197\r\n      <\/span>\r\n    <\/a>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article\r\n  class=\"cpse-sm-card cpse-sm-featured-card\"\r\n>\r\n  <div class=\"cpse-sm-featured-card__image\">\r\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/d7981df6-5e79-4ab0-9b1b-04b0f0683d55.png\"\r\n      alt=\"Modified black phosphorene platform for anticancer drug delivery and phototherapy\"\r\n      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n    \/>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"cpse-sm-featured-card__content\">\r\n    <span class=\"cpse-sm-card__label\">\r\n      Computational nanomedicine \u00b7 2026\r\n    <\/span>\r\n\r\n    <h3>\r\n      Alkaline-Earth Metal Ion-Modified Black\r\n      Phosphorene as a Potential Platform for\r\n      Anticancer Drug Delivery and Phototherapy\r\n    <\/h3>\r\n\r\n    <p>\r\n      This multiscale computational study investigates\r\n      alkaline-earth metal ion-modified black phosphorene\r\n      as a potential nanomaterial platform for targeted\r\n      anticancer drug delivery and phototherapy.\r\n    <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <a\r\n      class=\"cpse-sm-paper-link\"\r\n      href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-60411-2\"\r\n      target=\"_blank\"\r\n      rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\r\n      aria-label=\"Explore the modified black phosphorene anticancer drug delivery paper\"\r\n    >\r\n      <span>\r\n        Explore the paper\r\n\r\n        <small class=\"cpse-sm-paper-doi\">\r\n        \r\n          Scientific Reports (2026)<br \/>\r\n          DOI: 10.1038\/s41598-026-60411-2\r\n        <\/small>\r\n      <\/span>\r\n\r\n      <span\r\n        class=\"cpse-sm-paper-link__arrow\"\r\n        aria-hidden=\"true\"\r\n      >\r\n        \u2197\r\n      <\/span>\r\n    <\/a>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/article>\r\n<article\r\n  class=\"cpse-sm-card cpse-sm-featured-card\"\r\n>\r\n  <div class=\"cpse-sm-featured-card__image\">\r\n    <img decoding=\"async\"\r\n      src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/Prb.png\"\r\n      alt=\"Multisubband plasmons in an InAs GaSb broken-gap quantum well\"\r\n      loading=\"lazy\"\r\n    \/>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n\r\n  <div class=\"cpse-sm-featured-card__content\">\r\n    <span class=\"cpse-sm-card__label\">\r\n      Quantum wells &amp; plasmonics \u00b7 2025\r\n    <\/span>\r\n\r\n    <h3>\r\n      Multisubband Plasmons in an InAs\/GaSb\r\n      Broken-Gap Quantum Well\r\n    <\/h3>\r\n\r\n    <p>\r\n      Experimental ellipsometry and advanced eight-band\r\n      modeling are combined to investigate collective\r\n      multisubband plasmon modes in heavily doped InAs\/GaSb\r\n      quantum wells, highlighting their potential for\r\n      mid-infrared plasmonics and quantum-device\r\n      applications.\r\n    <\/p>\r\n\r\n    <a\r\n      class=\"cpse-sm-paper-link\"\r\n      href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/rq1z-6sg7\"\r\n      target=\"_blank\"\r\n      rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"\r\n      aria-label=\"Explore the Multisubband Plasmons in an InAs GaSb Broken-Gap Quantum Well paper\"\r\n    >\r\n      <span>\r\n        Explore the paper\r\n\r\n        <small class=\"cpse-sm-paper-doi\">\r\n          Physical Review B 112, 205412 (2025)<br \/>\r\n          DOI: 10.1103\/rq1z-6sg7\r\n        <\/small>\r\n      <\/span>\r\n\r\n      <span\r\n        class=\"cpse-sm-paper-link__arrow\"\r\n        aria-hidden=\"true\"\r\n      >\r\n        \u2197\r\n      <\/span>\r\n    <\/a>\r\n  <\/div>\r\n<\/article>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41ba0bb e-con e-atomic-element e-flexbox-base e-065cee4 \" data-id=\"41ba0bb\" data-element_type=\"e-flexbox\" data-e-type=\"e-flexbox\" data-interaction-id=\"41ba0bb\">\n    \t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0157972 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"0157972\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!--\r\n  CPSE RESEARCH PAGE \u2014 ELEMENTOR HTML\r\n  Paste the complete file into one Elementor HTML widget.\r\n  Keeping it in one widget lets the floating menu remain sticky across the whole page.\r\n  Update root-relative WordPress slugs such as \/research\/publications\/ if your actual slugs differ.\r\n-->\r\n\r\n<!-- =========================\r\n     WIDGET 1 \u2014 SHARED STYLES\r\n     ========================= -->\r\n<style>\r\n@import url('https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Poppins:wght@400;500;600;700;800&display=swap');\r\n\r\nhtml {\r\n  scroll-behavior: smooth;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-research-page {\r\n  --cpse-navy: #071a3d;\r\n  --cpse-orange: #ca5235;\r\n  --cpse-white: #ffffff;\r\n  --cpse-soft: #f5f5f3;\r\n  --cpse-line: #deded9;\r\n  --cpse-text: #384152;\r\n  --cpse-sticky-offset: 92px;\r\n  width: 100%;\r\n  overflow: visible;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-text);\r\n  background: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-family: 'Poppins', Arial, sans-serif;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-research-page,\r\n.cpse-research-page * {\r\n  box-sizing: border-box;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-research-page h1,\r\n.cpse-research-page h2,\r\n.cpse-research-page h3,\r\n.cpse-research-page h4,\r\n.cpse-research-page p {\r\n  margin-top: 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-shell {\r\n  width: min(1180px, calc(100% - 40px));\r\n  margin-inline: auto;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-section {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  padding: 92px 0;\r\n  scroll-margin-top: 160px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-section--soft {\r\n  background: var(--cpse-soft);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-kicker {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 10px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 14px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: .12em;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-kicker::before {\r\n  width: 34px;\r\n  height: 3px;\r\n  background: currentColor;\r\n  content: '';\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-title {\r\n  max-width: 820px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 18px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  font-size: clamp(34px, 4.4vw, 58px);\r\n  line-height: 1.08;\r\n  letter-spacing: -.04em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-title--small {\r\n  font-size: clamp(30px, 3.4vw, 46px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-intro {\r\n  max-width: 820px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 42px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-text);\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n  line-height: 1.75;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-btn {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  min-height: 52px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: center;\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n  padding: 13px 22px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white) !important;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease, background .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-btn:hover {\r\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 12px 26px rgba(7, 26, 61, .16);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-btn--outline {\r\n  border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .55);\r\n  background: transparent;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-btn--light {\r\n  border-color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  background: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-btn__arrow {\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n  line-height: 1;\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-btn:hover .cpse-r-btn__arrow {\r\n  transform: translateX(3px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Hero *\/\r\n.cpse-r-hero {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  isolation: isolate;\r\n  min-height: 690px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero::before,\r\n.cpse-r-hero::after {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  z-index: -1;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .13);\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  content: '';\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero::before {\r\n  width: 720px;\r\n  height: 720px;\r\n  top: -330px;\r\n  right: -170px;\r\n  box-shadow: 0 0 0 70px rgba(255, 255, 255, .025), 0 0 0 140px rgba(255, 255, 255, .018);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero::after {\r\n  width: 270px;\r\n  height: 270px;\r\n  bottom: -170px;\r\n  left: 8%;\r\n  border-color: rgba(202, 82, 53, .55);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero__grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.25fr) minmax(320px, .75fr);\r\n  gap: 80px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  padding: 105px 0;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero .cpse-r-kicker {\r\n  color: #f28b70;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero h1 {\r\n  max-width: 760px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 24px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-size: clamp(48px, 7vw, 86px);\r\n  line-height: .98;\r\n  letter-spacing: -.055em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero__lead {\r\n  max-width: 680px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 34px;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .78);\r\n  font-size: clamp(17px, 1.8vw, 21px);\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-actions {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero__map {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n  padding: 18px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .18);\r\n  border-radius: 28px;\r\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .055);\r\n  backdrop-filter: blur(8px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero__map span {\r\n  min-height: 112px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: flex-end;\r\n  padding: 18px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .12);\r\n  border-radius: 18px;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .9);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  line-height: 1.4;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-hero__map span:first-child {\r\n  grid-column: 1 \/ -1;\r\n  min-height: 142px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 21px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Floating page menu *\/\r\n.cpse-r-floating-wrap {\r\n  position: sticky;\r\n  z-index: 80;\r\n  top: var(--cpse-sticky-offset);\r\n  margin-top: -30px;\r\n  pointer-events: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-floating {\r\n  width: min(1180px, calc(100% - 40px));\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  gap: 5px;\r\n  margin-inline: auto;\r\n  padding: 7px;\r\n  overflow-x: auto;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-line);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, .96);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 18px 46px rgba(7, 26, 61, .13);\r\n  scrollbar-width: none;\r\n  pointer-events: auto;\r\n  backdrop-filter: blur(10px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-floating::-webkit-scrollbar {\r\n  display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-floating a {\r\n  flex: 1 0 auto;\r\n  padding: 12px 17px;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy) !important;\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  text-align: center;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n  white-space: nowrap;\r\n  transition: background .2s ease, color .2s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-floating a:hover,\r\n.cpse-r-floating a.is-active {\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Mission *\/\r\n.cpse-r-mission-grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1.1fr .9fr;\r\n  gap: 70px;\r\n  align-items: start;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-mission-copy p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 22px;\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n  line-height: 1.8;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-principles {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-principle {\r\n  padding: 24px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-line);\r\n  border-left: 4px solid var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  border-radius: 0 16px 16px 0;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-principle h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 6px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  font-size: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-principle p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  line-height: 1.65;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Research pillar accordion *\/\r\n.cpse-r-pillars {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 14px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar {\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-line);\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  transition: border-color .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease, transform .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar:hover,\r\n.cpse-r-pillar[open] {\r\n  border-color: rgba(202, 82, 53, .55);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 14px 34px rgba(7, 26, 61, .09);\r\n  transform: translateY(-2px);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar summary {\r\n  min-height: 116px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 58px minmax(0, 1fr) 42px;\r\n  gap: 22px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  padding: 24px 28px;\r\n  cursor: pointer;\r\n  list-style: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar summary::-webkit-details-marker {\r\n  display: none;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar__mark {\r\n  width: 58px;\r\n  height: 58px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: .08em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar[open] .cpse-r-pillar__mark,\r\n.cpse-r-pillar:hover .cpse-r-pillar__mark {\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar__heading h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 7px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  font-size: clamp(20px, 2.4vw, 29px);\r\n  line-height: 1.25;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar__heading p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-text);\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  line-height: 1.55;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar__toggle {\r\n  width: 38px;\r\n  height: 38px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-soft);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 23px;\r\n  font-weight: 500;\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar[open] .cpse-r-pillar__toggle {\r\n  transform: rotate(45deg);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar__body {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1.15fr;\r\n  gap: 36px;\r\n  padding: 0 28px 30px 108px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-pillar__body > p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  font-size: 15px;\r\n  line-height: 1.75;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-topic-list {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n  align-content: flex-start;\r\n  gap: 8px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-topic-list span {\r\n  padding: 9px 12px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-line);\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  background: var(--cpse-soft);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 600;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Shared card grids *\/\r\n.cpse-r-grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  gap: 18px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-grid--3 {\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-grid--4 {\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card {\r\n  position: relative;\r\n  min-height: 245px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  flex-direction: column;\r\n  padding: 28px;\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-line);\r\n  border-radius: 20px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  transition: transform .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease, border-color .25s ease;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card:hover {\r\n  transform: translateY(-5px);\r\n  border-color: rgba(202, 82, 53, .5);\r\n  box-shadow: 0 18px 40px rgba(7, 26, 61, .1);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card__eyebrow {\r\n  display: inline-block;\r\n  margin-bottom: 28px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: .1em;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 12px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  font-size: 20px;\r\n  line-height: 1.35;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 22px;\r\n  font-size: 14px;\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card__link {\r\n  display: inline-flex;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  gap: 8px;\r\n  margin-top: auto;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange) !important;\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n  text-decoration: none !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-card__link:hover {\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy) !important;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Capabilities *\/\r\n.cpse-r-capability {\r\n  min-height: 190px;\r\n  padding-top: 34px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-capability::before {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  top: 0;\r\n  left: 28px;\r\n  width: 48px;\r\n  height: 4px;\r\n  border-radius: 0 0 4px 4px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  content: '';\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Projects *\/\r\n.cpse-r-project {\r\n  min-height: 310px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-project::after {\r\n  position: absolute;\r\n  right: -52px;\r\n  bottom: -52px;\r\n  width: 135px;\r\n  height: 135px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(7, 26, 61, .1);\r\n  border-radius: 50%;\r\n  content: '';\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Facilities *\/\r\n.cpse-r-facility {\r\n  min-height: 285px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-facility__code {\r\n  width: 54px;\r\n  height: 54px;\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  place-items: center;\r\n  margin-bottom: 26px;\r\n  border-radius: 14px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-size: 12px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  letter-spacing: .06em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-facility:hover .cpse-r-facility__code {\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Publications *\/\r\n.cpse-r-dark {\r\n  overflow: hidden;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .78);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-dark .cpse-r-title,\r\n.cpse-r-dark h3 {\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-dark .cpse-r-intro {\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .72);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-output-grid {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n  gap: 12px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 34px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-output {\r\n  min-height: 130px;\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  align-items: flex-end;\r\n  padding: 20px;\r\n  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .18);\r\n  border-radius: 16px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-size: 15px;\r\n  font-weight: 700;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-output:hover {\r\n  border-color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  background: rgba(202, 82, 53, .16);\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Community *\/\r\n.cpse-r-community-card {\r\n  min-height: 225px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Partnership \/ impact *\/\r\n.cpse-r-impact-layout {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: .82fr 1.18fr;\r\n  gap: 56px;\r\n  align-items: start;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-callout {\r\n  padding: 34px;\r\n  border-radius: 24px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .76);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-callout h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 14px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-size: 27px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-callout p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  line-height: 1.75;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-list {\r\n  display: grid;\r\n  grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\r\n  gap: 14px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-item {\r\n  min-height: 170px;\r\n  padding: 24px;\r\n  border: 1px solid var(--cpse-line);\r\n  border-radius: 18px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-item h3 {\r\n  margin-bottom: 9px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-navy);\r\n  font-size: 17px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-impact-item p {\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  font-size: 13px;\r\n  line-height: 1.65;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Opportunities *\/\r\n.cpse-r-opportunity {\r\n  min-height: 270px;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-opportunity__tag {\r\n  width: fit-content;\r\n  margin-bottom: 32px;\r\n  padding: 7px 10px;\r\n  border-radius: 999px;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-soft);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  font-size: 11px;\r\n  font-weight: 800;\r\n  text-transform: uppercase;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Final CTA *\/\r\n.cpse-r-cta {\r\n  padding: 78px 0;\r\n  background: var(--cpse-orange);\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-cta__inner {\r\n  display: flex;\r\n  gap: 42px;\r\n  align-items: center;\r\n  justify-content: space-between;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-cta h2 {\r\n  max-width: 680px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 10px;\r\n  color: var(--cpse-white);\r\n  font-size: clamp(34px, 4vw, 54px);\r\n  line-height: 1.12;\r\n  letter-spacing: -.035em;\r\n}\r\n\r\n.cpse-r-cta p {\r\n  max-width: 700px;\r\n  margin-bottom: 0;\r\n  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .82);\r\n  line-height: 1.7;\r\n}\r\n\r\n\/* Responsive *\/\r\n@media (max-width: 1024px) {\r\n  .cpse-research-page {\r\n    --cpse-sticky-offset: 78px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero__grid,\r\n  .cpse-r-mission-grid,\r\n  .cpse-r-impact-layout {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero__grid {\r\n    gap: 44px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero__map {\r\n    max-width: 650px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-grid--4,\r\n  .cpse-r-output-grid {\r\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (max-width: 767px) {\r\n  .cpse-research-page {\r\n    --cpse-sticky-offset: 8px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-shell {\r\n    width: min(100% - 28px, 1180px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-section {\r\n    padding: 68px 0;\r\n    scroll-margin-top: 108px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero {\r\n    min-height: auto;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero__grid {\r\n    grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr);\r\n    padding: 78px 0 94px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero h1 {\r\n    font-size: clamp(44px, 14vw, 66px);\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-hero__map span {\r\n    min-height: 92px;\r\n    padding: 14px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-floating-wrap {\r\n    margin-top: -25px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-floating {\r\n    width: calc(100% - 20px);\r\n    justify-content: flex-start;\r\n    border-radius: 18px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-floating a {\r\n    flex: 0 0 auto;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-grid--3,\r\n  .cpse-r-grid--4,\r\n  .cpse-r-output-grid,\r\n  .cpse-r-impact-list {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-pillar summary {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 44px minmax(0, 1fr) 34px;\r\n    gap: 12px;\r\n    min-height: 104px;\r\n    padding: 20px 16px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-pillar__mark {\r\n    width: 44px;\r\n    height: 44px;\r\n    font-size: 10px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-pillar__heading h3 {\r\n    font-size: 18px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-pillar__heading p {\r\n    display: none;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-pillar__toggle {\r\n    width: 32px;\r\n    height: 32px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-pillar__body {\r\n    grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n    gap: 22px;\r\n    padding: 0 18px 24px;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-card {\r\n    min-height: 0;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-cta__inner {\r\n    display: block;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-r-cta .cpse-r-actions {\r\n    margin-top: 28px;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n\r\n@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {\r\n  html {\r\n    scroll-behavior: auto;\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  .cpse-research-page *,\r\n  .cpse-research-page *::before,\r\n  .cpse-research-page *::after {\r\n    scroll-behavior: auto !important;\r\n    transition: none !important;\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/style>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"cpse-research-page\" id=\"research-top\">\r\n\r\n  <!-- =========================\r\n       WIDGET 8 \u2014 PUBLICATIONS\r\n       ========================= -->\r\n  <section id=\"publications\" class=\"cpse-r-section cpse-r-dark\" aria-labelledby=\"cpse-publications-title\">\r\n    <div class=\"cpse-r-shell\">\r\n      <h2 id=\"cpse-publications-title\" class=\"cpse-r-title cpse-r-title--small\">\r\n        Publications, knowledge and research outcomes\r\n      <\/h2>\r\n      <p class=\"cpse-r-intro\">\r\n        Explore CPSE contributions across physical sciences, engineering and\r\n        technology. The publication archive can be organized by research area,\r\n        year, author and output type.\r\n      <\/p>\r\n\r\n      <div class=\"cpse-r-output-grid\">\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-r-output\">Journal Articles<\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-r-output\">Patents &amp; Prototypes<\/div>\r\n        <div class=\"cpse-r-output\">Scientific Data &amp; Software<\/div>\r\n      <\/div>\r\n\r\n      <!-- Update this slug if your Publications page uses a different URL. -->\r\n      <a class=\"cpse-r-btn cpse-r-btn--light\" href=\"\/research\/publications\/\">\r\n        Browse publications\r\n        <span class=\"cpse-r-btn__arrow\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\u2192<\/span>\r\n      <\/a>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n  <\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- =========================\r\n     WIDGET 10 \u2014 LIGHTWEIGHT INTERACTIONS\r\n     ========================= -->\r\n<script>\r\n(function () {\r\n  const page = document.querySelector('.cpse-research-page');\r\n  if (!page) return;\r\n\r\n  \/* Keep only one research pillar open at a time. None is open initially. *\/\r\n  const pillars = page.querySelectorAll('.cpse-r-pillar');\r\n  pillars.forEach(function (pillar) {\r\n    pillar.addEventListener('toggle', function () {\r\n      if (!pillar.open) return;\r\n      pillars.forEach(function (other) {\r\n        if (other !== pillar) other.removeAttribute('open');\r\n      });\r\n    });\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  \/* Highlight the current section in the floating menu. *\/\r\n  const navLinks = page.querySelectorAll('.cpse-r-floating a[href^=\"#\"]');\r\n  const sections = [];\r\n\r\n  navLinks.forEach(function (link) {\r\n    const section = document.querySelector(link.getAttribute('href'));\r\n    if (section) sections.push({ section: section, link: link });\r\n  });\r\n\r\n  if ('IntersectionObserver' in window && sections.length) {\r\n    const observer = new IntersectionObserver(function (entries) {\r\n      entries.forEach(function (entry) {\r\n        if (!entry.isIntersecting) return;\r\n        navLinks.forEach(function (link) { link.classList.remove('is-active'); });\r\n        const match = sections.find(function (item) { return item.section === entry.target; });\r\n        if (match) {\r\n          match.link.classList.add('is-active');\r\n          match.link.scrollIntoView({ behavior: 'smooth', block: 'nearest', inline: 'center' });\r\n        }\r\n      });\r\n    }, { rootMargin: '-35% 0px -58% 0px', threshold: 0 });\r\n\r\n    sections.forEach(function (item) { observer.observe(item.section); });\r\n  }\r\n})();\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On this page On this page \u00d7 Overview \u203a Research themes \u203a Potential applications \u203a Featured publications \u203a Semiconductor &amp; Two-Dimensional Materials Exploring the&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":431,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-870","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/870","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=870"}],"version-history":[{"count":110,"href":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/870\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1294,"href":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/870\/revisions\/1294"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/431"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/physicsschool.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=870"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}