Graphene and related low-dimensional (1D and 2D) materials are widely investigated in emerging photonics and electronics applications. Nevertheless, the observed unique physical properties of graphene can degrade when processed using conventional microelectronics techniques such as photolithography and wet chemistry. Photochemical methods based on direct ultrafast pulsed laser or UV radiations are being actively developed for modification and tuning properties of 2D and 1D materials. Light-matter interactions in 2D materials are widely explored for nanomaterial ablation, reconstruction, and property patterning. Ultrafast laser processing of low-dimensional materials is a new powerful tool for precisely tailoring the electronic, optical, and mechanical properties of matter. When the ultrafast laser pulse interacts with free electrons in the hexagonal carbon lattice the different dynamics of hot electronics results in atomic lattice reconstruction as well as chemical properties change. We have demonstrated development of planar photosensitive junctions in a single layer graphene and individual carbon nanotubes transistors via ultrafast laser processing compatible with CMOS technology. Moreover, the use of fs-laser for biosensors development and patterning other 2D materials are discussed.